Reflection


  • Light will bounce off when it hits a hard reflecting surface (e.g. a mirror), or the boundary between two media (e.g. when it passes from water to air, or from air to water).

  • The angle of incidence θi\theta_i is always the same as the angle of reflection θr\theta_r:
 θi=θr \boxed{ \ \theta_i=\theta_r \ }


Exam Tip
The angles are always measured relative to the normal (perpendicular) to the surface, so draw the normal line first, then label the angles relative to it.


NOTE: In this chapter we will not consider refraction. For simplicity, we'll assume that our waves are almost perpendicular so that no refraction occurs, only reflection.

Phase Shift at Reflection Boundaries


Like mechanical waves, light waves may change phase when they get reflected. The phase shift will depend on the boundary conditions.

  • Light will have a phase shift of Δϕ=180°\Delta\phi=180\degree (or π\pi) at boundaries with bigger refractive index
(slower medium / hard reflection / closed boundary / fixed boundary).










  • Light will have no phase shift at boundaries with smaller refractive index
(faster medium / soft reflection / open boundary / free boundary).










Exam Tip
There is no phase shift for transmitted waves. The only phase shift will come from the reflected waves.