BIOL 1320

Course Overview

Lessons & Practice

I. Welcome

2 min

1. The Basics (Lewis Structures, Bonding, VSEPR)

1.6hr

1.1.1. Lewis Structures and Formal Charges9 min

1.1.2. How to Draw Lewis Structures5 min

1.1.3. Example: Lewis Structures5 min

1.1.4. Example: Lewis Structures5 min

1.1.5. Practice: Lewis Structures2 min

1.1.6. Practice: Lewis Structures5 min

1.2.1. Bonding Models

1.2.2. Practice: Valence Bond Theory/Hybridization3 min

1.3.1. Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization7 min

1.3.2. Example: Valence Bond Theory/Hybridization5 min

1.4.1. Molecular Orbital Theory4 min

1.5.1. Bonding in Delocalized Systems3 min

1.5.2. Example: Resonance Structures6 min

1.6.1. VSEPR Theory5 min

1.6.2. Example: VSEPR2 min

1.6.3. Example: VSEPR3 min

1.6.4. Practice: VSEPR4 min

1.7.1. Polar Bonds6 min

1.7.2. Example: Polar Bonds3 min

1.7.3. Example: Polar Bonds 2 min

1.7.4. Practice: Polar Bonds 50 sec

1.8.1. Intermolecular Forces4 min

1.8.2. Melting and Boiling Point Comparison4 min

1.8.3. Example: Intermolecular Forces3 min

1.8.4. Example: Intermolecular Forces2 min

1.8.5. Practice: Intermolecular Forces1 min

1.9.1. Summary Sheet: The Basics

1.Q. Checkpoint Quiz9 Qns

2. Intro to Orgo (Functional Groups, Drawing, Naming)

50min

2.1.1. Summary Sheet: Common Organic Functional Groups

2.1.2. Example: Functional Groups 2 min

2.2.1. Drawing Organic Compouds in 2D2 min

2.2.2. Example: 2-D Notation2 min

2.2.3. Example: 2-D Notation1 min

2.2.4. Summary Sheet: Representing Molecules in Different 2D Notation

2.2.5. Summary Sheet: Condensed Formula

2.3.1. Drawing Organic Compounds in 3D5 min

2.3.2. Example: 3-D Notation2 min

2.3.3. Example: 3-D Notation2 min

2.3.4. Summary Sheet: Drawing in 3-Dimensions

2.4.1. Chair Conformations4 min

2.4.2. Example: Chair Conformations60 sec

2.4.3. Example: Chair Conformations1 min

2.4.4. Practice: Chair Conformations2 min

2.5.1. IUPAC Systematic Naming Theory15 min

2.5.2. Example: Converting Names to Structures2 min

2.5.3. Example: IUPAC Systematic Naming2 min

2.5.4. Example: IUPAC Systematic Naming2 min

2.5.5. Practice: IUPAC Systematic Naming2 min

2.5.6. Practice: IUPAC Systematic Naming2 min

2.5.7. Summary Sheet: IUPAC Naming

2.Q. Checkpoint Quiz15 Qns

3. Acid/Base Chemistry & Intro to Organic Reactions

56min

3.1.1. Acid/Base Equilibrium Fundamentals - Use of Acids and Bases in Organic Chemistry4 min

3.1.2. Key Definitions in Acids/Bases5 min

3.1.3. Acid/Base Equilibrium Constants2 min

3.1.4. Example: Acid/Base Arrows 3 min

3.2.1. Factors Influencing Acid/Base Strength2 min

3.2.2. Electronegativity1 min

3.2.3. Atom Size2 min

3.2.4. Resonance3 min

3.2.5. Hybridization3 min

3.2.6. Induction3 min

3.2.7. Aromaticity3 min

3.2.8. Example: Acid/Base Strength 3 min

3.2.9. Example: Acid/Base Strength 3 min

3.2.10. Practice: Acid/Base Equilibria 2 min

3.2.11. Practice: Acid/Base Equilibria 2 min

3.3.1. Important pKas You Should Know4 min

3.3.2. Relationship Between pH and pKa2 min

3.3.3. Amino Acids at Different pHs3 min

3.3.4. Practice: Amino Acids in Solution3 min

3.3.5. Practice: Amino Acids in Solution3 min

3.3.6. Summary Sheet: Amino Acids in Solution of Various pH

3.3.7. Summary Sheet: pKa's of Common Molecules

3.4.1. Summary Sheet: Chemical Equilibria and Acid/Base Chemistry

3.Q. Checkpoint Quiz15 Qns

4. Aromaticity (Arenes)

48min

4.1.1. Aromaticity13 min

4.1.2. Summary Sheet: Naming Aromatic Rings

4.1.3. Example: Aromaticity5 min

4.1.4. Example: Aromaticity3 min

4.1.5. Practice: Aromaticity2 min

4.3.1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions 8 min

4.3.2. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution4 min

4.4.1. Considerations for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions6 min

4.4.2. Example: Directing Groups in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution2 min

4.4.3. Example: Directing Groups in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution4 min

4.5.1. Summary Sheet: Aromaticity and Related Reactions

4.5.2. Summary Sheet: Naming Aromatic Rings

4.Q. Checkpoint Quiz4 Qns

5. Stereochemistry & Isomers

1.5hr

5.1.1. Summary Sheet: Isomers Flowchart

5.2.1. Constitutional Isomers5 min

5.2.2. Example: Constitutional Isomers4 min

5.2.3. Example: Constitutional Isomers3 min

5.3.1. Conformational Isomers6 min

5.3.2. Example: Conformational Isomers3 min

5.4.1. Geometric or Cis/Trans Isomers6 min

5.4.2. Example: Geometric Isomers4 min

5.4.3. Practice: Geometric Isomers 2 min

5.5.1. Chiral Molecules5 min

5.5.2. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules4 min

5.5.3. Assigning R and S Nomenclature4 min

5.5.4. Example: Stereochemistry7 min

5.5.5. Example: Stereochemistry 24 min

5.5.6. Practice: Stereochemistry 2 min

5.5.7. Practice: Stereochemistry1 min

5.6.1. Optical Isomers13 min

5.6.2. Example: Optical Isomers3 min

5.6.3. Example: Optical Isomers 23 min

5.6.4. Practice: Optical Isomers 1 min

5.7.1. Summary Sheet: IUPAC Naming

5.7.2. Summary Sheet: Naming Molecules with Stereochemistry

5.7.3. Example: Naming Molecules with Stereochemistry4 min

5.7.4. Example: Naming Molecules with Stereochemistry2 min

5.7.5. Practice: Naming Molecules with Stereochemistry2 min

5.8.1. Summary Sheet: Stereochemistry

5.8.2. Summary Sheet: Determining Maximum Number of Stereoisomers

5.8.3. Summary Sheet: Nomenclature and Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

5.Q. Checkpoint Quiz10 Qns

6. Electrophilic Addition Reactions to Alkenes/Alkynes

2.3hr

6.1.1. Hydrohalogenation9 min

6.1.2. Example: Hydrohalogenation4 min

6.1.3. Example: Hydrohalogenation4 min

6.2.1. Acid-catalyzed Hydration9 min

6.2.2. Example: Acid-catalyzed Hydration4 min

6.2.3. Example: Acid-catalyzed Hydration 23 min

6.3.1. Hydroboration/Oxidation8 min

6.3.2. Example: Hydroboration 13 min

6.3.3. Example: Hydroboration 22 min

6.4.1. Halogenation13 min

6.4.2. Example: Halogenation 13 min

6.4.3. Example: Halogenation 22 min

6.4.4. Example: Halogenation3 min

6.5.1. Ozonolysis9 min

6.5.2. Example: Ozonolysis 12 min

6.5.3. Example: Ozonolysis4 min

6.6.1. Dihydroxylation5 min

6.6.2. Example: Dihydroxylation3 min

6.7.1. Epoxidation8 min

6.7.2. Example: Epoxidation3 min

6.7.3. Example: Epoxides as Electrophiles8 min

6.8.1. Hydrogenation6 min

6.8.2. Example: Hydrogenation 13 min

6.8.3. Example: Hydrogenation 22 min

6.8.4. Example: Hydrogenation 31 min

6.8.5. Example: Hydrogenation with Isotopes of Hydrogen2 min

6.9.1. Carbocation Rearrangements6 min

6.9.2. Example: Carbocation Rearrangements3 min

6.9.3. Example: Carbocation Rearrangements3 min

6.10.1. Reactivity of Dienes (*coming soon)

6.10.2. 1,2- and 1,4-addition of HX to dienes (*coming soon)

6.12.1. Terpene Biosynthesis2 min

6.12.2. Example: Terpene Biosynthesis 12 min

6.12.3. Example: Terpene Biosynthesis4 min

6.13.1. Summary Sheet: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes/Alkynes

6.Q. Checkpoint Quiz9 Qns

6.P.1. Practice: Reaction Energy Diagrams

7. Nucleophilic Substitutions and Elimination Reactions

1.4hr

7.1.1. General Terminology4 min

7.1.2. Nucleophiles4 min

7.1.3. Electrophiles2 min

7.1.4. Leaving Groups4 min

7.1.5. Substitution vs. Elimination2 min

7.1.6. Example: Substitution vs. Elimination3 min

7.2.1. Molecularity and Rate57 sec

7.2.2. Structural Requirements1 min

7.2.3. SN1 Mechanism4 min

7.2.4. Practice: Sn1 Reaction1 min

7.3.1. Molecularity and Rate1 min

7.3.2. Structural Requirements2 min

7.3.3. SN2 Mechanism4 min

7.3.4. Practice: Sn2 Reaction1 min

7.4.1. Stereochemistry in Substitution Reactions2 min

7.5.1. Leaving Group Ability4 min

7.5.2. Example: Alcohol as a Leaving Group2 min

7.6.1. Solvent Effects in Substitution Reactions6 min

7.7.1. The Williamson Ether Synthesis (*coming soon)

7.7.2. Reactions of Ethers with Strong Acids (*coming soon)

7.8.1. Molecularity and Rate43 sec

7.8.2. Structural Requirements52 sec

7.8.3. E1 Mechanism3 min

7.9.1. Molecularity and Rate45 sec

7.9.2. Structural Requirements2 min

7.9.3. Synthesis of Alkynes1 min

7.9.4. E2 Mechanism3 min

7.10.1. Selectivity in Elimination Reactions - E2 Reactions8 min

7.10.2. Selectivity in Elimination Reactions - E1 Reactions4 min

7.10.3. Example: Selectivity in Elimination Reactions6 min

7.11.1. Favouring Elimination over Subsitution5 min

7.12.1. Summary Sheet: Substitution Reactions

7.12.2. Summary Sheet: Elimination Reactions

7.Q. Checkpoint Quiz13 Qns

7.P.1. Practice: Substitution Question 1

7.P.2. Practice: Substitution Question 2

7.P.3. Practice: Elimination Question 1

7.P.4. Practice: Elimination Question 2

7.P.5. Practice: Elimination Question 3

8. Radical Reactions

30min

8.1.1. Radical Stability4 min

8.1.2. Example: Radical Stability3 min

8.1.3. Example: Radical Stability1 min

8.1.4. Practice: Radical Stability1 min

8.2.1. Radical Reactions: Radical Halogenation7 min

8.2.2. Radical Reactions: Hydrohalogenation with a Peroxide7 min

8.2.3. Practice: Radical Reactions2 min

8.2.4. Practice: Radical Reactions2 min

8.2.5. Practice: Radical Reactions3 min

8.3.1. Summary Sheet: Radical Reactions

8.Q. Checkpoint Quiz7 Qns

9. Reduction and Oxidation Reactions

42min

9.1.1. Structure and Reactivity (*coming soon)

9.2.1. Thiols (*coming soon)

9.2.2. Sulfides (*coming soon)

9.3.1. Oxidation to make Aldehydes4 min

9.3.2. Oxidation to make Ketones2 min

9.3.3. Oxidation of Aldehydes3 min

9.3.4. Example: Oxidation Reactions5 min

9.4.1. Reduction using NaBH42 min

9.4.2. Reduction using LiAlH44 min

9.4.3. Example: Reduction Reactions3 min

9.4.4. Example: Reductions Reactions5 min

9.5.1. Hydrogenation6 min

9.5.2. Example: Hydrogenation3 min

9.5.3. Example: Hydrogenation2 min

9.5.4. Example: Hydrogenation1 min

9.5.5. Example: Hydrogenation with Isotopes of Hydrogen2 min

9.6.1. Summary Sheet: Reduction and Oxidation Reactions

9.Q. Checkpoint Quiz7 Qns

10. Structure Elucidation (IR Spectroscopy, NMR, Mass Spectrometry)

1.9hr

10.1.1. Hydrogen Deficiency Index4 min

10.2.1. Infrared Spectroscopy12 min

10.2.2. Example: IR Spectroscopy2 min

10.2.3. Example: IR Spectroscopy52 sec

10.2.4. Practice Question: IR Spectroscopy1 min

10.2.5. Practice Question: IR Spectroscopy 21 min

10.3.1. Mass Spectrometry9 min

10.3.2. Example: Mass Spectrometry4 min

10.3.3. Example: Mass Spectrometry2 min

10.3.4. Example: Mass Spectrometry2 min

10.4.1. UV-vis Spectroscopy5 min

10.4.2. UV-vis Study Sheet

10.5.1. NMR Theory6 min

10.5.2. Example: Intro to NMR2 min

10.5.3. Example: Intro to NMR2 min

10.6.1. Hydrogen (1H NMR)20 min

10.6.2. Example: 1H NMR3 min

10.6.3. Example: 1H NMR6 min

10.6.4. Practice: 1H NMR 3 min

10.6.5. Practice Question: 1H NMR2 min

10.6.6. Practice Question: 1H NMR1 min

10.6.7. Practice Question4 min

10.7.1. Carbon (13C) NMR8 min

10.7.2. Example: 13C NMR3 min

10.7.3. Example: 13C NMR4 min

10.7.4. Practice: 13C NMR3 min

10.7.5. Example: 13C NMR3 min

10.8.1. Structure Elucidation

10.Q. Checkpoint Quiz3 Qns

10.P.1. Practice: Structure Elucidation 1

10.P.2. Practice: Structure Elucidation 2

10.P.3. Practice: Structure Elucidation 3

11. Aldehydes and Ketones (Addition to Carbonyls/Reactivity of Enolates)

1.9hr

11.1.1. Nomenclature and Physical Properties3 min

11.2.1. General Reactivity1 min

11.2.2. General Mechanism at the Carbonyl4 min

11.3.1. The Grignard Reaction5 min

11.3.2. Cyanohydrin Formation3 min

11.3.3. Example: The Grignard Reaction2 min

11.3.4. Practice: The Grignard Reaction5 min

11.4.1. General Reactions with Oxygen Nucleophiles5 min

11.4.2. Hydrate Formation1 min

11.4.3. Acetal Formation2 min

11.4.4. Ketal Formation2 min

11.4.5. Hydrolysis of Acetals and Ketals3 min

11.4.6. General Mechanism with Oxygen Nucleophiles9 min

11.4.7. Stability of Hemiketals and Hemiacetals3 min

11.4.8. Practice: Ketals and Acetals as Protecting Groups2 min

11.4.9. Practice: Ketals and Acetals as Protecting Groups2 min

11.4.10. Example: Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Ketals and Acetals1 min

11.4.11. Practice: Mechanism in Acetal and Ketal Formation3 min

11.4.12. Practice: Identifying Acetals/Aldehydes2 min

11.5.1. Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Imines7 min

11.5.2. Enamine Formation2 min

11.5.3. Mechanism of Imiine Formation4 min

11.5.4. Reductive Amination2 min

11.5.5. Practice: Imine Formation2 min

11.6.1. Tautomerization8 min

11.6.2. Enolate Formation3 min

11.6.3. Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Enolates5 min

11.6.4. The Aldol Reaction3 min

11.6.5. Mechanism of the Aldol Reaction5 min

11.6.6. The Retro-Aldol Reaction1 min

11.6.7. Mixed Aldol Reactions5 min

11.6.8. Example: The Aldol Reaction4 min

11.6.9. Practice: The Aldol Reaction2 min

11.7.1. Study Sheet: Reaction Overview and Key Ideas

11.Q. Checkpoint Quiz4 Qns

12. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Nucleophilic Acyl Substitutions)

1.1hr

12.1.1. Carboxylic Acids2 min

12.1.2. Example: Carboxylic Acids5 min

12.1.3. Example: Carboxylic Acids2 min

12.2.1. Nomenclature and Physical Properties3 min

12.3.1. General Reactivity3 min

12.3.2. General Mechanism at the Carbonyl2 min

12.3.3. Practice: General Reactivity34 sec

12.3.4. Summary Sheet: Carboxylic Acid Reactivity

12.4.1. Acyl Halides3 min

12.4.2. Example: Acyl Halides2 min

12.4.3. Example: Acyl Halides 22 min

12.5.1. Synthesis of Anhydrides

12.5.2. Formation of Esters from Carboxylic Acids (Fisher Esterification)2 min

12.5.3. Other Syntheses of Esters1 min

12.5.4. Transesterification2 min

12.5.5. Example: Esters and Anhydrides9 min

12.5.6. Example: Esters and Anhydrides 28 min

12.6.1. Formation of Amides from Acid Halides1 min

12.6.2. Example: Amides3 min

12.6.3. Example: Amides2 min

12.6.4. Practice: Peptide Bonds50 sec

12.7.1. Hydrolysis of Acid Halides and Anhydrides38 sec

12.7.2. Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides24 sec

12.8.1. Claisen Reactions3 min

12.8.2. Example: Claisen Reactions4 min

12.8.3. Example: Claisen Reactions2 min

12.8.4. Example: Dieckmann Condensation3 min

12.9.1. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitutions

12.Q. Checkpoint Quiz13 Qns

13. Carbohydrates

56min

13.1.1. Straight Chain Nomenclature7 min

13.1.2. Cyclization of Monosaccharides5 min

13.1.3. Cyclic Nomenclature6 min

13.1.4. Glycosidic Bonds2 min

13.1.5. Example: Carbohydrate Nomenclature3 min

13.1.6. Example: Carbohydrate Nomenclature (Glycosides)4 min

13.2.1. Converting Fischer Structures4 min

13.2.2. Example: Converting Fischer Structures3 min

13.2.3. Example: Converting Fischer Structures3 min

13.2.4. Practice Question: Converting Fischer Projections2 min

13.3.1. Carbohydrate Reactions: Formation of Glycosidic Bonds4 min

13.3.2. Carbohydrate Reactions: Hydrolysis of Glycosidic Bonds1 min

13.3.3. Carbohydrate Reactions: Reducing Sugars2 min

13.3.4. Practice: Carbohydrates in Solution1 min

13.3.5. Example: Tollen's Reagent and Reducing Sugars1 min

13.3.6. Example: Identifying Reducing Sugars2 min

13.3.7. Example: Ketoses with the Tollen's Test3 min

13.4.1. Carbohydrates

13.Q. Checkpoint Quiz15 Qns

14. Organic Chemistry of Other Biological Molecules (*coming soon)

14.1.1. Structure of Amino Acids (*coming soon)

14.1.2. pKa of Amino Acids (*coming soon)

14.1.3. pH, pKa, and titrations with amino acids (*coming soon)

14.2.1. Lipids (*coming soon)

14.2.2. Sterols (*coming soon)

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AI Tutor answered

Scarlet K

Are there any tips for identifying equivalent hydrogens in a H NMR?

Wize AI Tutor

The main idea is that hydrogens are equivalent if they are in the exact same chemical environment, so they give one signal. A few ways to check:

Look for symmetry first. Find any mirror plane or rotation that swaps parts of the molecule. Hydrogens that get swapped are equivalent. For example, diethyl ether (CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃) has only 2 signals since both ethyl groups are identical.
Use the replacement test. Mentally replace one H with a different atom (say Cl), then do the same for the other H. If you get the same compound (or a pair of enantiomers), the H's are equivalent. If you get diastereomers, they are not.
CH₃ hydrogens are always equivalent to each other because of free rotation around the single bond.
CH₂ hydrogens are usually equivalent, except when the molecule has a chiral centre nearby, or in rings and alkenes where the two H's point toward different groups.
Alkenes: on a =CH₂, the two H's are only equivalent if the other carbon has two identical groups. Otherwise one H is cis to one group and the other H is cis to a different group.
Benzene rings: check the substitution pattern. A para-disubstituted ring with two different groups gives 2 aromatic signals, while a monosubstituted ring usually has 3 sets (ortho, meta, para).

A good habit is to label each unique type of H with a letter (a, b, c…) as you go, so you don't double count.

Answered

Anonymous

is there anything on skeletal structures

Rex H

Instructor

Great question! 

There is a bunch of content on skeletal answers, check our our gradebooster reviews as well as our subscription content for more info! 

Hope this helps! 

Answered

David K

how many hours must one devote/wk,? assigned homework? random quizes/mini-tests?

Emma D

Instructor

Hi David - this is a good question.  I have some general advice here.  First, save yourself time in the long run and invest 10 minutes after each class to make flashcards on things like functional groups, reagents, reactions, pKas, etc.  Second, you should plan to do 2 hours of practice for each 1 hour of class (so if you have three 1 hour classes a week, that would mean that you do 6 hours of homework a week).  Finally, as test time comes closer, you want to increase this and add an additional 10 or so hours for midterm preparation and 25 hours for final exam preparation.

Be careful for organic chemistry -- it's a course you cannot cram for.  If you invest short periods of time frequently over the semester you will get more from class and studying and thus save yourself time in the long run.  Topics build on themselves so try and stay on top of things and you will be successful!

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