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Botulinum toxin is a protein which contains a heavy chain and a light chain. Th…

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Wize University Biology Textbook > Cell Structure

The Endomembrane System

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Botulinum toxin is a protein which contains a heavy chain and a light chain. The heavy chain guides the toxin to neurons, where the light chain is released into the cytoplasm. The light chain is a protein-degrading enzyme (protease) that targets SNARE proteins. Some people like to inject this toxin in order to relax their facial muscles ¯\_(ツ)_/¯. Explain how botulinum toxin might inhibit muscle contractions.
More The Endomembrane System Questions:
Ribosome in nucleus
Where in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled? [answer is one word]
Your friend is trying to convince you that the ER was one a prokaryotic cell and was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. He says they had a symbiotic relationship that allowed then to continue living on together. What evidence could you present to him that would disprove his theory?
How do water-soluble molecules move into the ER lumen?
What would happen if the a ribosome attached to the ER membrane created a transmembrane protein with a deformed STA hydrophobic region? Assume that the deformation involves the addition of some hydrophilic amino acids.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is filled with cristae (folded parts). How would this aid in increasing ATP production? Explain the structure-function relationship of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following things does not describe the cytoplasm
Similar to Midterm 1 2018
Explain how you could change the rate of fusion to make the mitochondria in a cell larger. Name 2 things you could do to make this happen.
Smooth ER
Which of the following best describes the smooth ER?
Hydrolytic enzymes
Where could you expect to find hydrolytic enzymes?
Practice: Cell Theory
Which of the following is a premise of cell theory?
Golgi
Which of the following is a function of the golgi apparatus?
Ribosome in nucleus
Where in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled? [answer is one word]
A desmosome connects cells of one type of tissue together by...
All cells store their DNA in the nucleus and/or additionally in the mitochondria/chloroplast. T or F
The ribosome is made up of
Practice: Endomembrane 2
Predict what coat protein is lining the vesicles moving between these organelles?
1. Between B to C
2. Between C to B
If cadherin is a type I transmembrane protein, it's structure does NOT include:
If acetyltransferase is an ER-bound membrane protein where its N-terminus catalytic domain works in the ER lumen, what type of membrane protein is it?
Which of the following does not use clathrin coated vesicles?
Which of the following is most likely to occur if a glycosylation enzyme in the ER was mutated?
Which of the following statements about co-translation translocation into the ER is true?
1. Ribosomes are permanently bound to the ER surface
2. ER signal sequence is recognized by the SRP (signal recognition particle)
Which of the following experimental findings support the idea that secreted proteins are synthesized in the ER?
Signal peptide sequences exist in cargo protein to ensure that they are direct to the correct location along the endomembrane system. Which of the following statements correctly describes signal peptide sequences?
1. KDEL is the Golgi retention signal peptide sequence
2. Peptide sequences are recognized by the correct coat proteins
How many start ER signal sequences would you expect to find in the following transmembrane protein?
Considering the following ER transmembrane proteins, which of the following proteins would have their C-terminus inside the ER lumen? Select all that apply.
Use the following to answer this 3-part question:
Consider the 6 different ER membrane protein orientation to answer this 2 part question:
3 domains
Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle? (select all that apply)
Where along the endomembrane system would you find COPI coat protein?
Practice: Endomembrane 1
Name the structures indicated on the figure below:
Where in the Chlamydomonas cell would you find mRNA with a 5’ CAP?
What is the role of the nucleolus?
In which of the following organelles is addition and modification of oligosaccharides to glycoproteins completed?
What is the function of nuclear pore complexes?
Which of the following describes exocytosis?
Turgor pressure is most closely linked to which of the following?
How are lysosomes maintained at such a low pH?
How do vesicles move about the cell?
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi?
In what structure is glycosylation typically initiated?
Which of the following is not a function of the smooth ER?
What is the perinuclear space?
Fill in the blanks: Lysosomes are maintained at __________ pH through the action of
____________
What is the cis Golgi network (CGN) is thought of as?
Which of the following is a non-membranous structure?
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of nuclear pore complexes?
Where is the internal leaflet of an ER vesicle oriented after fusing with the Golgi?
Which of the following is false regarding lysosomes?
A peripheral membrane protein that was synthesized in the rough ER lumen would be facing which direction in a vesicle after Golgi sorting?
What is the Golgi generally responsible for?
The trans Golgi is considered ...
Where does protein modification typically start?
Which of the following is not included in the endomembrane system?
Where is the site of ribosomes biogenesis?
Put the following in order of size from LARGEST to SMALLEST:
Virus, nucleus, bacteria, eukaryotic cell, ribosome
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is false regarding ribosomes?
Which of the following are part of the endomembrane system?
You are interested in studying a secretory protein (protein X). Propose an experiment that would allow you to determine whether it is secreted via constitutive exocytosis or regulated exocytosis.
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
Trace the pathway by which a hydrolytic enzyme localizes to the lysosome. Explain where the
enzyme is synthesized, which endomembrane compartments it must go through, and how it is
Wize Concept Check
Endosomes are responsible for sorting endocytosed macromolecules. What are the possible outcomes for molecules sent to an endosome? For each possible outcome, give an example of a molecule that might be processed in that way.
Wize Concept Check
Glycosylation of proteins in the secretory pathway takes place over several steps, mediated by enzymes that are located in the ER and in different Golgi cisternae. Why do you think that these enzymes are separated into different compartments of the endomembrane system?
Wize Concept Check
Once a vesicle has budded from a membrane, it sheds its coat proteins (clathrin/COP proteins). What proteins remain on the vesicle surface? How does the vesicle recognize its target membrane?
Wize Concept Check
Explain the role of each of the following components in the formation of a clathrin-coated
vesicle:
a. Cargo receptor: