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Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds

There are two ways orbitals can overlap:

  • Sigma (σ) type overlap, and pi (π) type overlap.
  • Sigma overlap is when 2 electrons in a bond are localized between 2 nuclei (along the internuclear axis)
  • Formed from the end-to-end overlap of hybridized orbitals (or orbitals s orbital for H)
  • Pi overlap is when 2 electrons are localized in the region above and below the plane formed by 2 bonded nuclei (occurs above and below the internuclear axis)
  • Formed from side to side alignment of unhybridized p orbitals in adjacent atoms to form a bond


Image illustrating Sigma and Pi Bonds

Figure 14.2 Sigma and Pi type Overlap.


If asked how many sigma and pi bonds there are in a molecule, it's very simple to count!


Ex. In this molecule of aspartic acid, how many sigma and pi bonds are there?


Illustration for practice question: Chemical Bonding: Sigma and Pi Bonds




a) Sigma bonds: ________


b) Pi bonds: ________

Your answers

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Propyne, H3CCCH, has how many sigma (σ\sigma) and pi (π\pi) bonds, respectively?

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