
Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds
There are two ways orbitals can overlap:
- Sigma (σ) type overlap, and pi (π) type overlap.
- Sigma overlap is when 2 electrons in a bond are localized between 2 nuclei (along the internuclear axis)
- Formed from the end-to-end overlap of hybridized orbitals (or orbitals s orbital for H)
- Pi overlap is when 2 electrons are localized in the region above and below the plane formed by 2 bonded nuclei (occurs above and below the internuclear axis)
- Formed from side to side alignment of unhybridized p orbitals in adjacent atoms to form a bond

Figure 14.2 Sigma and Pi type Overlap.
If asked how many sigma and pi bonds there are in a molecule, it's very simple to count!
Propyne, H3CCCH, has how many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds, respectively?