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Classification of Carbohydrates
- Chain Length: Carbohydrates are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the main chain (carbon atoms in a row). They have similar prefixes to those used in IUPAC naming: 3 (tri), 4 (tetr), 5 (pent), 6 (hex), 7 (hept), and will all end in 'ose.'
- Aldose or Ketose: Carbohydrates are classified as aldose (aldehyde) or ketose (ketone) depending on the carbonyl group present within the molecule.
- D Versus L: Carbohydrates are classified as D or L. To do so: (1) the Fischer projection is drawn so the highest oxidation state carbon is at the top, (2) the -CH2OH group is on the bottom, (3) if the next OH up is on the Left = L, Right = D.
- The most common ring sizes are six-member (Pyranose) and five-member (Furanose).
- Anomeric carbon is named by orientation of the (1) oxygen off the ring and the (2) CH2OH group on the other side of the molecules. Alpha = opposite (vowels), Beta = same:
