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The real challenge in studying reproduction is remembering all the terms and functional parts!
Here I've written down all the terms you should be familiar with.
- If you can say what all of them are and what they do, you'll rock this section!
- If you're having a hard time - don't dispair! Review the lessons, then try going over the terms again - I guarantee you'll do better :)
Vocabulary
GnRH - hormone released from hypothalamus that acts on pituitary gland
LH - hormone released from anterior pituitary and causes stimulation of the gonads
FSH - hormone released from anterior pituitary and causes stimulation of the gonads
Testosterone - hormone released from leydig cells
Inhibin - hormone released from sertoli cells that causes inhibition of pituitary hormones by negative feedback
Estrogen - produced by granulosa cells of the follicle in females. many functions.
Progesterone - produced by follicle cells in females. many functions.
human placental lactogen - hormone secreted by the placenta causing low glucose uptake into cells by the mother.
DHT - hormone that causes external male genitalia to form
Testes - where sperm are made
Seminiferous Tubules - exact location in the testes where sperm are made
Epididymis - location sperm mature after being in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis - form of meiosis that makes sperm. 4 viable sperm per spermatogonia
Leydig Cells - responsible for making testosterone in males
Sertoli Cells - responsible for supporting and regulating spermatogenesis
Blood-testes barrier - made by sertoli cells to separate spermatogenesis from the blood stream
Spermatogonia - cells that divide by mitosis. Some will go on to undergo spermatogenesis and become sperm
Speratocyte - cell that is going through meiosis to become sperm
Spermatid - cell with 23 chromosomes. still a round, typical cell shape.
Spermatozoa - matured sperm
Meiosis - development of either sperm or egg cells that have 23 chromosomes instead of 46
Ovaries - location where ovum are made in females
Uterus - location where the future baby implants and develops
Oogenesis - form of meiosis that makes an ovum. 1 viable ovum per oogonia
Oogonia - cells that divide by mitosis. Some will go on to undergo oogenesis and become an ovum
Oocyte - cell that is going through meiosis to become an ovum
Ovum/egg - cell with 23 chromosomes that can be fertilized and become a fetus
Polar body - underdeveloped ovum made by oogenesis
Ovarian cycle - part of the menstrual cycle that produces an ovum and secretes hormones
Uterine cycle - part of the menstrual cycle that causes changes in the uterine lining
Menstrual cycle - changes in the female reproductive organs due to oogenesis
Follicular phase - the first 14 days of the menstrual cycle. the ovum is developed through oogenesis
Luteal phase - the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle. The corpus luteum secretes hormones that cause changes in the uterus
Menses phase - first 5 days of the uterine cycle. shedding of the uterine lining
Proliferation phase - after menses, the uterine lining grows thicker again
Follicle - surrounds the developing ovum in the ovary and helps support its growth
Granulosa cells - part of the follicle that produces hormones
Ovulation - when the ovum breaks free from the follicle
Corpus luteum - the follicle after the egg breaks free. mainly used to make progesterone
zygote - ovum + spermatozoa
trophoblast - outer cells of a blastocyst
inner cell mass - mass wishing the blastocyst
blastocyst - a ball of rapidly dividing cells at the beginning of pregnancy
syncitiotrophoblast - trophoblasts that fuse together to make multinucleated trophoblasts. They become the placenta.
placenta - layer surrounding growing fetus that provides nutrients and a connection to the mother.
endometrium - the part of the uterine lining closest to the inside of the uterus. This is where the blastocyst will implant
bipotential premordium - unisexual parts of a baby that are developed at 6 weeks
SOX9 - its presence produces male sex characteristics. Without SOX 9, no male reproductive organs.