Wize University Statics Textbook (Master) > Equilibrium of Rigid Body

2D Rigid Body Equilibrium

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In the first part of the course, we’ve been dealing with particle equilibrium, where we required the sum of forces on the object to be zero.


We now consider rigid body equilibrium, where both moments and forces need to be equal to zero. Keep in mind that both are vector equations, which could result in up to 6 equations in 3D.


Image illustrating Rigid Body Equilibrium (2D)

In 2D, we can use up to a maximum of 3 equations.


ΣFx=0\Sigma{F}_x=0


ΣFy=0\Sigma F_y=0


ΣMo=0\Sigma M_o=0



Bodies are usually attached to a fixed reference (wall, ground, etc.) by some connection. These connections are typically called reaction forces, or support reactions, and are common to be asked on a question. A brief review on these reactions follows on the next two pages.


Image illustrating Rigid Body Equilibrium (2D)



Image illustrating Rigid Body Equilibrium (2D)



Image illustrating Rigid Body Equilibrium (2D)



Image illustrating Rigid Body Equilibrium (2D)


As you may notice, there are many types of support reactions. The key to knowing whether they provide a reaction or not is to ask yourself whether the body would move in a certain direction or rotate about a certain axis.


As always, to solve a system of equations, you can have a maximum number of unknowns equal to the number of equations – up to 3 unknowns in 2D, and up to 6 unknowns in 3D. Therefore, we sometimes simplify the unknown reaction forces to reduce the number of unknowns. Some common simplifications are based around proper alignment – for example:

  • A properly aligned bearing exerts two reaction forces, but no moment reactions
  • A properly aligned hinge doesn’t exert moment reactions

You will usually be told if you can assume proper alignment of reactions. Another common assumption is “smooth” surfaces (when referring to normal reactions), which allows you to neglect friction.


A note about reaction forces: Not all bodies will have solvable support reactions. This could mean that the support on the body is inadequate, or that there are too many supports – we refer to the body at statically indeterminate.

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Lets Draw The FREE BODY DIAGRAMS for the following cases:




Image illustrating 2D Rigid Body - Free Body Diagram (FBD) Practice


Image illustrating 2D Rigid Body - Free Body Diagram (FBD) Practice




Image illustrating 2D Rigid Body - Free Body Diagram (FBD) Practice


Image illustrating 2D Rigid Body - Free Body Diagram (FBD) Practice



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Example

Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction of the pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the cylinder weighs 120 N.

Image illustrating Example 1: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium (Warm Up!)


Solution:

1) Start by drawing Free Body Diagram (FBD) for the Rigid Body,



Image illustrating Example 1: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium (Warm Up!)


Take the moment about A to cancel the most unknowns (Ax and Ay) and solve for Tension T,


CCW(+)ΣMA=120N(13m)−T(25)(10m)−T(5m)=0T=112N\begin{array}{l}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{A}=120 N(13 m)-T\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}\right)(10 m)-T(5 m)=0} \\ {T=112 N}\end{array}


2) Apply Equilibrium Equations along the x and y directions to solve for the reactions at A,


→ΣFx=0:T(15)+Ax=0→ΣFx=0:112N(15)+Ax=0Ax=−50.1N(←)\begin{array}{l}{\rightarrow \Sigma F_{x}=0: T\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+A_{x}=0} \\ {\rightarrow \Sigma F_{x}=0: 112 N\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+A_{x}=0} \\ {A_{x}=-50.1 \mathrm{N}(\leftarrow)}\end{array}



+↑ΣFy=0:−120N+112N(25)+112N+Ay=0Ay=−92.2N(↓)\begin{array}{l}{+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0:-120 N+112 N\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+112 N+A_{y}=0} \\ {A_{y}=-92.2 N(\downarrow)}\end{array}




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Example

Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction of the pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the cylinder weighs 120 N.

Image illustrating Example 1: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium


Solution:

1) Start by drawing Free Body Diagram (FBD) for the Rigid Body,



Image illustrating Example 1: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium


Take the moment about A to cancel the most unknowns (Ax and Ay) and solve for Tension T,


CCW(+)ΣMA=120N(13m)−T(25)(10m)−T(5m)=0T=112N\begin{array}{l}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{A}=120 N(13 m)-T\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}\right)(10 m)-T(5 m)=0} \\ {T=112 N}\end{array}


2) Apply Equilibrium Equations along the x and y directions to solve for the reactions at A,


→ΣFx=0:T(15)+Ax=0→ΣFx=0:112N(15)+Ax=0Ax=−50.1N(←)\begin{array}{l}{\rightarrow \Sigma F_{x}=0: T\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+A_{x}=0} \\ {\rightarrow \Sigma F_{x}=0: 112 N\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+A_{x}=0} \\ {A_{x}=-50.1 \mathrm{N}(\leftarrow)}\end{array}



+↑ΣFy=0:−120N+112N(25)+112N+Ay=0Ay=−92.2N(↓)\begin{array}{l}{+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0:-120 N+112 N\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}\right)+112 N+A_{y}=0} \\ {A_{y}=-92.2 N(\downarrow)}\end{array}




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Example

A man supports himself on a uniform inclined beam, having a rough surface, by pulling on the rope with a force T. The beam has a mass of 6.2 kg/m with a total length of 2 meters. The man has a mass of 90 kg. The total weight of the beam acts at the mid-span of the beam. Determine the tension, T, in the rope and the reaction components at A. In addition, calculate the distance X, locating the man's left foot, and determine the forces exerted on the man left foot by the beam.




Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 1 (IMPORTANT!)

Solution:

Given:RA=312Nmbeam=6.2kg/mLbeam=2mmman=90kg\begin{array}{l}{\text {Given:}} \\ {R_{A}=312 \mathrm{N}} \\ {m_{\text {beam}}=6.2 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}} \\ {L_{\text {beam}}=2 \mathrm{m}} \\ {m_{\text {man}}=90 \mathrm{kg}}\end{array}


 Find:  1) Tension (T) 2) Reactions at A 3) Distance X 4) Forces Exerted on the man’s left foot \begin{array}{l}{\text { Find: }} \\ {\text { 1) Tension }(T)} \\ {\text { 2) Reactions at } A} \\ {\text { 3) Distance } X} \\ {\text { 4) Forces Exerted on the man's left foot }}\end{array}


Solution:\text {Solution:}

1) Draw Free Body Diagram of the OVERALL SYSTEM – (Man on the Beam - FBD)



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 1 (IMPORTANT!)


Notice from FBD (Man on the beam), we have 4 unknowns, but we can only use 3 equations in 2D. But, we can determine values for Dx and Dy in terms of T.


2) Draw a Free Body Diagram at pulley D only,



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 1 (IMPORTANT!)

Solve for Dx and Dy using equations of equilibrium,


→+ΣFx=0:Dx+Tcos⁡(60)−Tcos⁡(55)=0→Dx=0.0736T+↑ΣFy=0:Dy−Tsin⁡(60)−Tsin⁡(55)=0→By=1.6852T\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 : D_{x}+T \cos (60)-T \cos (55)=0 \rightarrow D_{x}=0.0736 T} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : D_{y}-T \sin (60)-T \sin (55)=0 \rightarrow B_{y}=1.6852 T}\end{array}


3) Going back to FBD (Man on the beam), we have values for Dx and Dy in terms of T. Therefore, we have 3 unknowns only now, which is what we want!


Using FBD (Man on the beam), Notice - The perpendicular distance from the weight of the beam to A had to be calculated using cosine function:



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 1 (IMPORTANT!)

Take the moment about A to eliminate the most amount of unknows (i.e. RAx and Ray),


CCW(+)ΣMB=0:−1.6852T(1.1m)−0.0736T(2.5m)+121.644N(0.9063m)+882.9N(0.8m)=0T=401N(ans)\begin{array}{c}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{B}=0 :-1.6852 T(1.1 m)-0.0736 T(2.5 m)+121.644 N(0.9063 m)+882.9 N(0.8 m)=0} \\ {T=401 N(\text {ans})}\end{array}


Sum the forces in the x and y directions to find RAx and RAy,


→+ΣFx=0:0.0736(401N)+RAX=0→RAX=−29.5N( ans )+↑ΣFy=0:1.6852(401N)−882.9N−121.644N+RAY=0→RAY=329N (ans) \begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 : 0.0736(401 \mathrm{N})+R_{A X}=0 \rightarrow R_{A X}=-29.5 N(\text { ans })} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : 1.6852(401 \mathrm{N})-882.9 \mathrm{N}-121.644 \mathrm{N}+R_{A Y}=0 \rightarrow R_{A Y}=329 \mathrm{N} \text { (ans) }}\end{array}


4) To find the distance X and the forces exerted on the man's left (backfoot), we need to consider the FBD of the man only – FBD (man),


Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 1 (IMPORTANT!)




Take the moment about D to eliminate Dx and Dy and solve for x,


CCW(+)ΣMB=0:401cos⁡(60)(1.2m)−401sin⁡(60)(0.2m)+882.9N(x)=0x=0.194m( ans )\begin{array}{c}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{B}=0 : 401 \cos (60)(1.2 m)-401 \sin (60)(0.2 m)+882.9 N(x)=0} \\ {x=0.194 m(\text { ans })}\end{array}

To find forces exerted on the man, Dx, and Dy,


→+ΣFx=0:−401cos⁡(60)+Bx=0→Bx=201N(ans)+↑ΣFy=0:401sin⁡(60)−882.9N+By=0→By=536N(ans)\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 :-401 \cos (60)+B_{x}=0 \rightarrow B_{x}=201 N(\text {ans})} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : 401 \sin (60)-882.9 N+B_{y}=0 \rightarrow B_{y}=536 \mathrm{N}(\text {ans})}\end{array}




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Example

A man supports himself on a uniform inclined beam, having a rough surface, by pulling on the rope with a force T. The beam has a mass of 6.2 kg/m with a total length of 2 meters. The man has a mass of 90 kg. The total weight of the beam acts at the mid-span of the beam. Determine the tension, T, in the rope and the reaction components at A. In addition, calculate the distance X, locating the man's left foot, and determine the forces exerted on the man left foot by the beam.




Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 2 (IMPORTANT!)

Solution:

Given:RA=312Nmbeam=6.2kg/mLbeam=2mmman=90kg\begin{array}{l}{\text {Given:}} \\ {R_{A}=312 \mathrm{N}} \\ {m_{\text {beam}}=6.2 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}} \\ {L_{\text {beam}}=2 \mathrm{m}} \\ {m_{\text {man}}=90 \mathrm{kg}}\end{array}


 Find:  1) Tension (T) 2) Reactions at A 3) Distance X 4) Forces Exerted on the man’s left foot \begin{array}{l}{\text { Find: }} \\ {\text { 1) Tension }(T)} \\ {\text { 2) Reactions at } A} \\ {\text { 3) Distance } X} \\ {\text { 4) Forces Exerted on the man's left foot }}\end{array}


Solution:\text {Solution:}

1) Draw Free Body Diagram of the OVERALL SYSTEM – (Man on the Beam - FBD)



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 2 (IMPORTANT!)


Notice from FBD (Man on the beam), we have 4 unknowns, but we can only use 3 equations in 2D. But, we can determine values for Dx and Dy in terms of T.


2) Draw a Free Body Diagram at pulley D only,



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 2 (IMPORTANT!)

Solve for Dx and Dy using equations of equilibrium,


→+ΣFx=0:Dx+Tcos⁡(60)−Tcos⁡(55)=0→Dx=0.0736T+↑ΣFy=0:Dy−Tsin⁡(60)−Tsin⁡(55)=0→By=1.6852T\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 : D_{x}+T \cos (60)-T \cos (55)=0 \rightarrow D_{x}=0.0736 T} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : D_{y}-T \sin (60)-T \sin (55)=0 \rightarrow B_{y}=1.6852 T}\end{array}


3) Going back to FBD (Man on the beam), we have values for Dx and Dy in terms of T. Therefore, we have 3 unknowns only now, which is what we want!


Using FBD (Man on the beam), Notice - The perpendicular distance from the weight of the beam to A had to be calculated using cosine function:



Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 2 (IMPORTANT!)

Take the moment about A to eliminate the most amount of unknows (i.e. RAx and Ray),


CCW(+)ΣMB=0:−1.6852T(1.1m)−0.0736T(2.5m)+121.644N(0.9063m)+882.9N(0.8m)=0T=401N(ans)\begin{array}{c}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{B}=0 :-1.6852 T(1.1 m)-0.0736 T(2.5 m)+121.644 N(0.9063 m)+882.9 N(0.8 m)=0} \\ {T=401 N(\text {ans})}\end{array}


Sum the forces in the x and y directions to find RAx and RAy,


→+ΣFx=0:0.0736(401N)+RAX=0→RAX=−29.5N( ans )+↑ΣFy=0:1.6852(401N)−882.9N−121.644N+RAY=0→RAY=329N (ans) \begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 : 0.0736(401 \mathrm{N})+R_{A X}=0 \rightarrow R_{A X}=-29.5 N(\text { ans })} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : 1.6852(401 \mathrm{N})-882.9 \mathrm{N}-121.644 \mathrm{N}+R_{A Y}=0 \rightarrow R_{A Y}=329 \mathrm{N} \text { (ans) }}\end{array}


4) To find the distance X and the forces exerted on the man's left (backfoot), we need to consider the FBD of the man only – FBD (man),


Image illustrating Example 2: 2D Rigid Body Equilibrium - Part 2 (IMPORTANT!)




Take the moment about D to eliminate Dx and Dy and solve for x,


CCW(+)ΣMB=0:401cos⁡(60)(1.2m)−401sin⁡(60)(0.2m)+882.9N(x)=0x=0.194m( ans )\begin{array}{c}{C C W(+) \Sigma M_{B}=0 : 401 \cos (60)(1.2 m)-401 \sin (60)(0.2 m)+882.9 N(x)=0} \\ {x=0.194 m(\text { ans })}\end{array}

To find forces exerted on the man, Dx, and Dy,


→+ΣFx=0:−401cos⁡(60)+Bx=0→Bx=201N(ans)+↑ΣFy=0:401sin⁡(60)−882.9N+By=0→By=536N(ans)\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{+}{\rightarrow} \Sigma F_{x}=0 :-401 \cos (60)+B_{x}=0 \rightarrow B_{x}=201 N(\text {ans})} \\ {+\uparrow \Sigma F_{y}=0 : 401 \sin (60)-882.9 N+B_{y}=0 \rightarrow B_{y}=536 \mathrm{N}(\text {ans})}\end{array}




The L-shaped bracket illustrated below is acted upon by forces P, F, and Q.

a) Draw the free body diagram for this bracket.

b) Determine the equivalent force-couple system at B.

c) Calculate the reactions at A and B.


Illustration for practice question: Equivalent Force & Couple Moment





Your answers

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The mobile crane consists of a crane truck and boom, with centers of gravity G1 and G2, respectively. With the boom lifted up, the rear axle loads (normal reactions) at C and D are 225 kN each, and the front axle loads at A and B are 185 kN each. When the boom is down in position, the rear axle loads are decreased by 35 kN. Determine the weight of the crane truck and the mass of the boom, as well as the distance x.

Illustration for practice question: The mobile crane consists of a crane truck and boom, with centers of gravity G1 and G2, respectively. With the boom lifted up, the rear axle loads (normal reactions) at C and D are




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The spring of modulus k = 4.5 kN/m is loaded by a tension force of 45 N when the disc center O is in the rightmost position (at x = 0). Determine the tension T required to position the disc center at x = 170 mm. For that position, calculate the distance OA if the moment reaction at the fixed support at A is 72.5 N-m. The mass of the disc is 3.5 kg.


Illustration for practice question: The spring of modulus k = 4.5 kN/m is loaded by a tension force of 45 N when the disc center O is in the rightmost position (at x = 0). Determine the tension T required to position


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There are several ways to solve 2D systems. Method 1 is geometrically rigorous, whereas method 2 is mathematically rigorous.


Method 1

In any 2D problems, 2 out of 3 unknown forces (generally) must pass through a single point. This point may be on or off the body. We will sum moments about that point to cancel two unknowns allowing us to solve for the third. The difficult arises from finding distance vectors to that point. The steps can be summarized as:

  1. Draw a FBD including the reaction forces
  2. Find a point where two unknown forces pass through
  3. Sum moments about that point – this will require some geometric manipulation to find distance vectors
  4. Solve the moment equation for the third unknown
  5. Sum forces (2 equations) to solve for the last 2 unknown forces

Method 2

This method works for all 2D problems, where we set up the equations and unknowns and solve simultaneous equations. The general procedure can be summarized as follows:

  1. Draw a FBD including the reaction forces
  2. Sum moments about any point on the body – choose a convenient point for distance vectors, and preferably one with an unknown passing through it
  3. Sum forces in x and y directions
  4. Solve the 3 equations from steps 2 and 3 simultaneously

Both methods will lead to an answer. Method 1 requires some thinking and is highly dependent on the geometry of the problem, whereas method 2 will always work but requires more mathematical steps

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There are several ways to solve 2D systems. Method 1 is geometrically rigorous, whereas method 2 is mathematically rigorous.


Method 1

In any 2D problems, 2 out of 3 unknown forces (generally) must pass through a single point. This point may be on or off the body. We will sum moments about that point to cancel two unknowns allowing us to solve for the third. The difficult arises from finding distance vectors to that point. The steps can be summarized as:

  1. Draw a FBD including the reaction forces
  2. Find a point where two unknown forces pass through
  3. Sum moments about that point – this will require some geometric manipulation to find distance vectors
  4. Solve the moment equation for the third unknown
  5. Sum forces (2 equations) to solve for the last 2 unknown forces

Method 2

This method works for all 2D problems, where we set up the equations and unknowns and solve simultaneous equations. The general procedure can be summarized as follows:

  1. Draw a FBD including the reaction forces
  2. Sum moments about any point on the body – choose a convenient point for distance vectors, and preferably one with an unknown passing through it
  3. Sum forces in x and y directions
  4. Solve the 3 equations from steps 2 and 3 simultaneously

Both methods will lead to an answer. Method 1 requires some thinking and is highly dependent on the geometry of the problem, whereas method 2 will always work but requires more mathematical steps

Determine the maximum allowable load at C if the tension in the cable is not to exceed 200N. What are the reactions at A under those conditions?


Image illustrating Example: 2D Solution Method


Image illustrating Example: 2D Solution Method

T=200NT=200N

ΣMA=−(5.5)(ω)+2T+4(45T)=0\Sigma M_A=-\left(5.5\right)\left(\omega\right)+2T+4\left(\frac{4}{5}T\right)=0

ω=189.1 N\omega=189.1\ N

m=19.3kgm=19.3kg

ΣFx=Ax−35T=0\Sigma F_x=A_x-\frac{3}{5}T=0 ⟶\longrightarrow Ax=120 NA_x=120\ N

ΣFy=Ay+T+45T−ω=0\Sigma F_y=A_y+T+\frac{4}{5}T-\omega=0 ⟶\longrightarrow Ay=−170.9 NA_y=-170.9\ N

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Determine the maximum allowable load at C if the tension in the cable is not to exceed 200N. What are the reactions at A under those conditions?



Image illustrating Example: 2D Solution Method


Image illustrating Example: 2D Solution Method

T=200NT=200N

ΣMA=−(5.5)(ω)+2T+4(45T)=0\Sigma M_A=-\left(5.5\right)\left(\omega\right)+2T+4\left(\frac{4}{5}T\right)=0

ω=189.1 N\omega=189.1\ N

m=19.3kgm=19.3kg

ΣFx=Ax−35T=0\Sigma F_x=A_x-\frac{3}{5}T=0 ⟶\longrightarrow Ax=120 NA_x=120\ N

ΣFy=Ay+T+45T−ω=0\Sigma F_y=A_y+T+\frac{4}{5}T-\omega=0 ⟶\longrightarrow Ay=−170.9 NA_y=-170.9\ N

Mark Yourself Question

  1. Grab a piece of paper and try this problem yourself.
  2. When you're done, check the "I have answered this question" box below.
  3. View the solution and report whether you got it right or wrong.

a) Determine the lifting force needed and the reaction at the wheel A to lift the wheel barrel.

Illustration for practice question: Rigid Body - Practice Questions (2D - Part 1)



b) Determine the tension in the continuous cable ADB, and the reactions at the pin at C.


Illustration for practice question: Rigid Body - Practice Questions (2D - Part 1)


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Mark Yourself Question

  1. Grab a piece of paper and try this problem yourself.
  2. When you're done, check the "I have answered this question" box below.
  3. View the solution and report whether you got it right or wrong.

a) Determine the lifting force needed and the reaction at the wheel A to lift the wheel barrel.

Illustration for practice question: Practice: Rigid Body (2D - Part 1)



b) Determine the tension in the continuous cable ADB, and the reactions at the pin at C.


Illustration for practice question: Practice: Rigid Body (2D - Part 1)




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Quiz: 2D solution Method

Determine the reaction forces at A and B.

Illustration for practice question: Determine the reaction forces at A and B.



Your answers

Determine the reaction forces at A and B. Take α = 30°30\degree


Illustration for practice question: Determine the reaction forces at A and B. Take α =


Your answers

The spring is unstreched when θ = 0. If W = 10N, determine the value of θ. Take l = 1m, and k =100N/m.


Illustration for practice question: The spring is unstreched when θ = 0. If W = 10N, determine the value of θ. Take l = 1m, and k =100N/m.


The bar of negligible weight is supported by two springs at A and B and is initially horizontal before the load is applied. Once the 800N load is applied, the bar is pushed down, but remains horizontal. Determine the relationship between the two spring constants kA and kB.


Illustration for practice question: The bar of negligible weight is supported by two springs at A and B and is initially horizontal before the load is applied. Once the 800N load is applied, the bar is pushed down, b

The relationship is: kA=xkBk_A = x k_B Enter the value of x

The following ramp has a weight of 20 kN acting at point G. Determine the minimum tension needed to start lifting the ramp.


Illustration for practice question: The following ramp has a weight of 20 kN acting at point G. Determine the minimum tension needed to start lifting the ramp.