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Which of the following is not a method for enhancing genetic diversity?

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Wize University Biology Textbook > Mendelian Genetics

Laws of Inheritance [Mendel's Laws]

10 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Meiosis

Meiosis I

6 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > The Cell Cycle

Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle

7 Activities

Which of the following is not a method for enhancing genetic diversity?
More Laws of Inheritance [Mendel's Laws] Questions:
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for grape shape and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (RRGG = round & green) and one homozygous recessive plant (rrgg) = wrinkled & red) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of independent assortment. What is the approximate likelihood of finding a wrinkled plant in the F2 generation?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for grape shape and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (RRGG = round & green) and one homozygous recessive plant (rrgg) = wrinkled & red) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of independent assortment. What is the approximate likelihood of finding a wrinkled plant in the F2 generation?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for apple size and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (BBRR = big & red) and one homozygous recessive plant (bbrr = small & green) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of dependent assortment. Which of the following is correct regarding the F2 generation?
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Inheritance of traits practice problem 2
A true breeding hamster with long fur and brown patches was crossed with a true breeding hamster with short fur and no patches. The F1 all had long fur and no patches. The F1 were crossed with hamsters with short fur and brown patches.
The pair produced 10 baby hamsters. What percentage do you expect to be:
Inheritance of traits practice problem 1
Consider a cross between two true-breeding zebrafish strains. The female parent has stripes (dominant) and a short tail fin and the male is spotted with a long tail (dominant) fin. All F1 progeny are striped with long tail fins.
Use S and s to represent the body patterning alleles and T and t to represent the tail fin alleles.
Hufflelumps are small creatures that have three distinct nose shapes: square, triangular, and circular. In trying to determine the dominant and recessive phenotypes, you carry out the following crosses and count the offspring. Define the parental genotypes using "N" and "n" to denote nose shape. (*Hint: there may not be complete dominance)
Assume the following dihybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele, and for another trait, B represents the dominant allele and b, the recessive allele. Genes show complete dominance.
Assume the following dihybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele, and for another trait, B represents the dominant allele and b, the recessive allele. Genes show complete dominance.
Assume the following monohybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele which show complete dominance.
Assume the following monohybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele which show complete dominance.
What are Gregor Mendel’s two laws of inheritance?
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Inheritance of traits practice problem 2
A true breeding hamster with long fur and brown patches was crossed with a true breeding hamster with short fur and no patches. The F1 all had long fur and no patches. The F1 were crossed with hamsters with short fur and brown patches.
The pair produced 10 baby hamsters. What percentage do you expect to be:
Inheritance of traits practice problem 1
Consider a cross between two true-breeding zebrafish strains. The female parent has stripes (dominant) and a short tail fin and the male is spotted with a long tail (dominant) fin. All F1 progeny are striped with long tail fins.
Use S and s to represent the body patterning alleles and T and t to represent the tail fin alleles.
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
What phenomenon causes violates of Mendel's second law?
What are Gregor Mendel’s three laws of inheritance?
A recessive mutant allele, purple, causes the skin of homozygotes to be purple instead of green. What would be the expected distribution of offspring from a cross of a purple male with a green female (whose father was purple)?
Humans have 46 chromosomes where the OCA2 gene encoding eye colour is located on
chromosome 15. If we assume only 3 eye colours exist in the human population blue (b),
brown (B) and green (G), where green is recessive to brown but dominant to blue.
A hermaphroditic flower plant has a heterozygous genotype at two independently assorted loci. If this plant were to self-fertilize, what proportion of the zygotes would be the same genotype as their parent?
Imagine an organism with the genotype XXYYZz (they are homozygous for 2 genes and
heterozygous for a third gene). If all three genes are on different chromosomes, how
many different combinations of alleles will be created by independent assortment?
There are 2 genes in an alien species that have an epistatic interaction (meaning, one
gene affects the expression of the other). Recessive alleles at the “bald” gene (bb)
inhibit the expression of different alien antennae lengths (AL for long, AS for short and
In an organism with the genotype AaBbCC, how many different combinations of alleles would be created by independent assortment?
Imagine an organism with the genotype XXYyZz. If all three genes are on different
chromosomes, how many different combinations of alleles will be created by
independent assortment?
Which of the following is not part of Mendel’s model?
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
To study inheritance, how was the F1 generation made during Mendel's monohybrid cross?
Which of the following is the physical basis for Mendel's principle of segregation?
If Mendelian genetics apply and independent assortment is true, what is the probability of a genetically and phenotypically recessive organism in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross?
Which of the following is not part of Mendel’s Model?
If the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross displaying independent assortment consists of 16 organisms, how many organisms display the dominant phenotype for both characters being considered?
In the P generation of a dihybrid cross, what are the genotypes of the organisms being crossed?
What does the F1 generation consist of in successful monohybrid cross?
A Mendelian Dihybrid cross results in a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation. What does this confirm?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
Mendel's Dihyrbid Cross Questions (Multiple Choice)
1. To test whether the alleles for apple size and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (BBRR = big & red) and one homozygous recessive plant (bbrr = small & green) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of dependent assortment. Which of the following is correct regarding the F2 generation?
A - 75% of organisms have a small & green phenotype
How can we use reciprocal crosses to determine sex linkage using the following example:
In Drosophila, the gene for eye colour is found on the X-chromosome where having red eyes is dominant to having white eyes. What proportion of offspring will be
white eyed in the following crosses?
Match each of the following principles proposed by Mendel with the statements that best describe them.
More Meiosis I Questions:
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
At the end of meiosis the number of chromosome in daughter cells is ___ compared to the parent cell.
Meiosis
Pairs of homologous chromosome move to the equator of the cell during
Meisois
At the end of meiosis II you get four daughter cells. These daughter cells are
haploid
Crossing over
Crossing over occurs in which phase of meiosis?
Complete the following table:
Which of the following describes a newly fertilized human zygote?
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true?
During what stage do homologous chromosomes separate?
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
During what stage do homologous chromosomes separate?
Practice: Crossover
What are the genotypes of the possible daughter cells that would result from the single crossover shown below?
Select all that apply.
Which of the following describes the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
1. Mitosis occurs in autosomal cells while meiosis in gamete cells
2. Mitosis involves undergoing cell division twice
Practice: Meiosis
Place the following stages of meiosis in order in which they occur.
In which of the following groups would you find meiosis?
1. Humans
2. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Capsella bursa-pastoria and Capsella grandiflora are two very closely related species. Flow cytometry analysis shows that somatic cells in G1 phase of C. bursa-pastoria cells contain a 0.80 pg of DNA, while C. grandiflora has 0.44 pg.
What does this suggest about the ploidy of these two species?
What would the C-value of these two species be?
Practice: Meiosis (Non-disjunction vs. Mis-division)
Julia has triple X syndrome, meaning she has three X chromosomes. On one X she has an SNP that she shares with her paternal grandmother, one has an SNP that she shares with her maternal grandfather. When did this aneuploidy happen to cause Julia to have this syndrome?
Meiosis I in the mother
Meiosis I in the father
What are the major sources of genetic variation resulting from sexual reproduction?
i. Recombination during prophase I
ii. Recombination during prophase II
Two-toed sloths have a chromosome number 2n=50. How many chromatids would be found at the start of prophase II, and immediately at the end of meiosis II?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
Drosophila have a red versus white eye color gene that is sex linked. A white-eyed female mates with a red-eyed male giving a red-eyed female offspring with the genotype XXY. Where was the mistake in meiosis?
Which of the following is the most likely to give rise to Copy Number Variations?
Imagine an alien from a distant planet that has 70 pairs of chromosomes. This alien has a mother with a serious mutation on chromosome 67. This alien, however, does not carry this deleterious allele on chromosome 67. Which of the following best describes how this chromosome was able to “repair itself”?
Anna has an extra chromosome 12. Of her three chromosome 12’s she shares an SNP
that is found on one of her mother’s chromosome 12’s. If Anna’s aneuploidy is due to a
single mistake in meiosis, which of the following steps of meiosis did the mistake occur?
What are the major sources of genetic variation resulting from sexual reproduction?
i. Recombination during prophase I
ii. Recombination during prophase II
Two-toed sloths have a chromosome number 2n=50. How many chromatids would be
found at the start of prophase II, and immediately at the end of meiosis II?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make
gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you
agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
An alien from a distant planet has 70 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual
chromatids would a single cell undergoing meiosis have at metaphase II?
Which of the following best describes how a chromosome is able to “repair itself”?
Individuals with Down’s syndrome have a trisomy of chromosome 21 that arose from a single error in meiosis. Imagine a child, Bella, who has parents with normal karyotypes. Only 1 of Bella’s chromosomes carries the same SNP as is found in her father. Which of the follow stages of meiosis could this error have occurred?
Meiosis I in the mother
Meiosis I in the father
Practice: Meiosis (n and C-values)
The frog species Xenopus tropicalis has 10 chromosomes and this species is viable with 4 copies of its genome. An individual with four copies of its genome would have what ploidy and what C-value coefficents at anaphase II of meiosis?
What are the two phases of meiosis that are the source of most of the variation in the four resulting daughter cells?
Which of the following is a source of genetic variability?
What do chiasmata indicate?
During what stage do homologous chromosomes separate?
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
Which of the following is not a method for enhancing genetic diversity?
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Which of the following is the physical basis for Mendel's principle of segregation?
Practice: Meiosis I
What do chiasmata indicate?
Meiosis practice problem 1
What are the genotypes of the possible daughter cells that would result from the double crossover shown below?
In what stage of meiosis does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?
An alien from a distant planet has 70 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual
chromatids would a single cell undergoing meiosis have at metaphase II?
During what stage do homologous chromosomes line up beside each other?
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
More Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle Questions:
If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
Mitosis
Colchicine is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used to inhibit the polymerization of tubulin dimers. Which of the following steps of the cell cycle would be most affected by colchicine treatment?
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Complete the following table:
Genome
A diploid cell that is 2n = 4 receives a2, b2, and c2 alleles from one parent, and a1, b2, and c2 alleles from the other parent. Alleles a and b are on the same chromosome, while allele c is on another one.
Draw the resulting cell after DNA replication.
Genome
A cell has a genotype a1/a2, c3/c3. Draw the cell before and after DNA replication.
In animal cells, during which phase do centrioles begin to move apart?
Dogs are 2n=782n=78. A somatic dog cell undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes are there during metaphase and anaphase, respectively?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes dencondense?
In which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle get broken down?
In which phase do chromosomes become fully condensed?
Complete the following table:
You observe 16 centromeres in a cell under a microscope during interphase, how many chromosomes does the organism have?
During mitosis, all of the following occur except:
A cell that has 4 pairs of chromatids in prophase will have how many chromatids during telophase?
A cell that contains 8 chromosomes at G1 will have how many chromosomes at anaphase?
A cell that contains 24 sister chromatids in prophase would contain how many chromosomes at interphase of the next cell cycle?
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true?
Dogs are 2n=782n=78. A somatic dog cell undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes are there during metaphase and anaphase, respectively?
A human cell has received a mutation and is unable to produce actin. What would be the result after mitosis?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
Cell cycle practice problem 3
Complete the following table for a cell that has the genetic formula 2n = 22
Cell cycle practice problem 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Cell cycle practice problem 1
A scientist grows some cells in a medium containing radioactive nucleotides, so all of the DNA within the cells are radioactive. She then transfers the cells to a medium containing normal nucleotides, and allows them to divide. If a cell undergoes one round of mitosis, what percentage of the daughter cells' DNA will be radioactive?
What is the genetic formula for the diploid cell shown below?
Cats have 19 chromosomes and are diploid. How many strands of DNA are there in a non-dividing cat skin cell?
Genome practice problem 1
A cell has the genetic formula n=8n=8. Draw how the cell would look after DNA replication.
Which of the following is different between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
A human cell received a mutation and is unable to produce actin. What would be the result after mitosis?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
Which step of mitosis do sister chromatids get separated?
How can FACs be used to quantify the amount of cells in different phases of the cell cycle?
Which of the following describes the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
1. Mitosis occurs in autosomal cells while meiosis in gamete cells
2. Mitosis involves undergoing cell division twice
Anaphase A and B differ in the following way(s). Select all that apply.
Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
1. Mitotic events can be observed with a light microscope
2. Sister chromatids are generated during prophase
Practice: Mitosis
Use the following image of diving onion root cells to answer the following 4 questions:
Practice: Mitosis
Complete the following table based on a cell that is 2n=12
In which of the following groups would you find meiosis?
1. Humans
2. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Practice: Cell Cycle 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Cell cycle
In order, what are the phases of the Mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle?
Telomeres
A human cell as 23 pairs of chromosomes. What is the total number of telomeres found at prophase of mitosis?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
Which of the following characteristics are the same in both meiosis II and mitosis?
Which of the following is correct regarding the movement of chromosomes during anaphase?
If you were to look at a dividing somatic cell in prometaphase under a microscope, what structures could you see clearly given that you would be able to see all structures of the cell without an appropriate stain?
i. Condensed chrosmosomes
ii. A single centrosome
A flowering plant has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many telomeres would a gametophyte somatic cell have at prophase of mitosis?
From Term Test 2 Prep: An animal cell is 3n and 6C at prophase. What are the n and C-values of this cell in G1?
From Term Test 2 Prep: A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual telomeres would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
From Term Test 1 Prep: If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
From Term Test 1 Prep: A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
Mitosis
Colchicine is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used to inhibit the polymerization of tubulin dimers. Which of the following steps of the cell cycle would be most affected by colchicine treatment?
Mitosis
Researchers often want to visualize what stage of the cell cycle their cells are in. Which of the following proteins could a researcher stain in order to identify cells in metaphase?
1. Actin
2. Tubulin
Chromosome Multiple Choice Question
Which of the following is not true regarding the centromere in metaphase chromosomes?
A cell that contains 24 sister chromatids in prophase would contain how many chromosomes at G1 of the next cell cycle?
A cell that contains 8 chromosomes at G1 will have how many chromosomes after anaphase?
Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
1. Mitotic events can be observed with a light microscope
2. Sister chromatids are generated during prophase
The stage of the cell cycle where one cell splits into two is called _______
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in the G2 stage of the cell cycle?
You are able to observe 16 centromeres in a cell under a powerful microscope during prometaphase – how many sister chromatids does the organism have?
During the entirety of what cell cycle stage(s) can individual chromosomes be observed under a light microscope?
You are studying the cell cycle and observe a cell in the lab with two nuclei, which of the following is a likely explanation?
If you removed a cells’ centrioles with an incredibly fine needle during mitosis, what stage would be affected?
During mitosis, all of the following occur except:
Which of the following is different between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
At what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope first fragment?
Which of the following is true of cytokinesis in animals?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
What is the difference between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II?
Practice: Mitosis 1
A cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 phase. After prometaphase, how many duplicated chromosomes are present?
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true?
Practice: Cell Cycle 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
A centromere joins a pair of
Is the process of mitosis the same in plant and animal cells?
Which of the following would you make a fluorescent tag for if you wanted to take a fluorescent image of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
You tag guanines with fluorescent tags and add them to the cell during S phase of the cell cycle. When you look at these chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis using a fluorescent microscope, where on the sister chromosomes would you find fluorescent signal?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make
gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you
agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
Which of the following characteristics are the same in both meiosis II and mitosis?
Is the process of mitosis the same in plant and animal cells?
Which of the following would you make a fluorescent tag for if you wanted to take a
fluorescent image of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
If you were to look at a dividing somatic cell in prometaphase under a microscope, what
structures could you see clearly given that you would be able to see all structures of the
cell without an appropriate stain?
You tag guanines with a fluorescent tag and add it to the cell during S phase of the cell cycle. When you look at these chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis using a fluorescent microscope, where on the sister chromosomes would find fluorescent signal?