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What phenomenon causes violates of Mendel's second law?

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Wize University Biology Textbook > Modern Concepts of Inheritance

Genetic Linkage

6 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Mendelian Genetics

Laws of Inheritance [Mendel's Laws]

10 Activities

What phenomenon causes violates of Mendel's second law?
More Genetic Linkage Questions:
A scientist is studying two traits in a type of seeds: texture and color. Smooth texture (S) is dominant to wrinkled texture (s), and Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y).
A (SsYy) and a (ssyy) plants mate and produce the following offspring:
Smooth and Yellow = 345
True or False?
If an allele becomes fixed, there is no opportunity for genetic variation to exist at that locus anymore.
A fly which has the genotype AaBb is cross with a fly that is homozygous recessive. The following offspring are obtained:
AaBb: 953 aabb: 910 Aabb: 200 aaBb: 192 a) Are these genes linked?
b) What is the recombination frequency? (one decimal place)
A fly which has the genotype AaBb is cross with a fly that is homozygous recessive. The following offspring are obtained:
AaBb: 953 aabb: 910 Aabb: 200 aaBb: 192 a) Are these genes linked?
b) What is the recombination frequency? (one decimal place)
Practice: Recombination
A fly which has the genotype AaBb is cross with a fly that is homozygous recessive. The following offspring are obtained:
AaBb: 953 aabb: 910 Aabb: 200 aaBb: 192 a) Are these genes linked?
b) What is the recombination frequency? (one decimal place)
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A large population of ducks have a locus that determines the number of feathers on their tails, lots of feathers (F) is dominant to not as many feathers (f). If you observe this population and determine that the allele frequency of F=0.8 and the allele frequency of f=0.2, but there is no discernible difference in fitness between genotypes, what will be the frequency of F and f after 5 generations?
How many potential gametes can an organism with the following genotype produce:
AaBBCcDdEEFFGgHH
Which of the following best describes how a chromosome is able to “repair itself”?
Imagine an organism with the genotype XXYyZz. If all three genes are on different
chromosomes, how many different combinations of alleles will be created by
independent assortment?
Below is a diagram showing three loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Which of the following are the most likely gametes at these loci?
abC
You have identified 4 loci in the genome of a species of bird:
The B locus corresponds to wing colour where the colour black is dominant to brown.
The C locus corresponds to the number of feathers on the wings where lots of feathers is dominant to few feathers. But birds that are homozygous recessive at the B locus will always have few feathers.
Below is a diagram showing four different loci on homologous pairs.
Which of the following are the LEAST likely gametes of this individual at these loci?
ABcD
Practice: Genes
Suppose we are investigating three genes, A, B, and C. We calculated the recombination frequencies among all three possible pairs of genes (AC, AB, BC) and they were:
A-B: 14.1%
B-C: 7.5%
Practice: Genotypes
A fly which has the genotype AaBb is cross with a fly that is homozygous recessive. The following offspring are obtained:
AaBb: 953 aabb: 910 Aabb: 200 aaBb: 192 a) Are these genes linked?
b) What is the recombination frequency? (one decimal place)
A series of fruit fly matings shows that the recombination frequency between the gene for wing size and the gene for antenna length is 5% (i.e. the genetic distance between them is 5 centimorgans). List all possible recombination frequencies between the gene for color and the gene for antenna length.
A scientist is studying two traits in a type of seeds: texture and color. Smooth texture (S) is dominant to wrinkled texture (s), and Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y).
A (SsYy) and a (ssyy) plants mate and produce the following offspring:
Smooth and Yellow = 345
Genes A, B, C, and D are located on the same chromosome. The distances between the genes are below:
D-A = 11
D-B = 7
Meiosis practice problem 1
What are the genotypes of the possible daughter cells that would result from the double crossover shown below?
A cross is made between two E. coli strains: Hfr arg+ bio+ leu+ X F- arg- bio-leu-. Interrupted-mating studies show that arg+ enters the recipient last, and so recombinants are selected on a medium containing bio and leu only. These recombinants are tested for the presence of bio+ and leu+. The following numbers of individuals are found for each genotype:
arg+ bio+ leu+ 320
arg+ bio+ leu- 8
More Laws of Inheritance [Mendel's Laws] Questions:
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for grape shape and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (RRGG = round & green) and one homozygous recessive plant (rrgg) = wrinkled & red) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of independent assortment. What is the approximate likelihood of finding a wrinkled plant in the F2 generation?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for grape shape and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (RRGG = round & green) and one homozygous recessive plant (rrgg) = wrinkled & red) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of independent assortment. What is the approximate likelihood of finding a wrinkled plant in the F2 generation?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
To test whether the alleles for apple size and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (BBRR = big & red) and one homozygous recessive plant (bbrr = small & green) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of dependent assortment. Which of the following is correct regarding the F2 generation?
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Inheritance of traits practice problem 2
A true breeding hamster with long fur and brown patches was crossed with a true breeding hamster with short fur and no patches. The F1 all had long fur and no patches. The F1 were crossed with hamsters with short fur and brown patches.
The pair produced 10 baby hamsters. What percentage do you expect to be:
Inheritance of traits practice problem 1
Consider a cross between two true-breeding zebrafish strains. The female parent has stripes (dominant) and a short tail fin and the male is spotted with a long tail (dominant) fin. All F1 progeny are striped with long tail fins.
Use S and s to represent the body patterning alleles and T and t to represent the tail fin alleles.
Hufflelumps are small creatures that have three distinct nose shapes: square, triangular, and circular. In trying to determine the dominant and recessive phenotypes, you carry out the following crosses and count the offspring. Define the parental genotypes using "N" and "n" to denote nose shape. (*Hint: there may not be complete dominance)
Assume the following dihybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele, and for another trait, B represents the dominant allele and b, the recessive allele. Genes show complete dominance.
Assume the following dihybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele, and for another trait, B represents the dominant allele and b, the recessive allele. Genes show complete dominance.
Assume the following monohybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele which show complete dominance.
Assume the following monohybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele which show complete dominance.
What are Gregor Mendel’s two laws of inheritance?
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Inheritance of traits practice problem 2
A true breeding hamster with long fur and brown patches was crossed with a true breeding hamster with short fur and no patches. The F1 all had long fur and no patches. The F1 were crossed with hamsters with short fur and brown patches.
The pair produced 10 baby hamsters. What percentage do you expect to be:
Inheritance of traits practice problem 1
Consider a cross between two true-breeding zebrafish strains. The female parent has stripes (dominant) and a short tail fin and the male is spotted with a long tail (dominant) fin. All F1 progeny are striped with long tail fins.
Use S and s to represent the body patterning alleles and T and t to represent the tail fin alleles.
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
Which of the following is not a method for enhancing genetic diversity?
What are Gregor Mendel’s three laws of inheritance?
A recessive mutant allele, purple, causes the skin of homozygotes to be purple instead of green. What would be the expected distribution of offspring from a cross of a purple male with a green female (whose father was purple)?
Humans have 46 chromosomes where the OCA2 gene encoding eye colour is located on
chromosome 15. If we assume only 3 eye colours exist in the human population blue (b),
brown (B) and green (G), where green is recessive to brown but dominant to blue.
A hermaphroditic flower plant has a heterozygous genotype at two independently assorted loci. If this plant were to self-fertilize, what proportion of the zygotes would be the same genotype as their parent?
Imagine an organism with the genotype XXYYZz (they are homozygous for 2 genes and
heterozygous for a third gene). If all three genes are on different chromosomes, how
many different combinations of alleles will be created by independent assortment?
There are 2 genes in an alien species that have an epistatic interaction (meaning, one
gene affects the expression of the other). Recessive alleles at the “bald” gene (bb)
inhibit the expression of different alien antennae lengths (AL for long, AS for short and
In an organism with the genotype AaBbCC, how many different combinations of alleles would be created by independent assortment?
Imagine an organism with the genotype XXYyZz. If all three genes are on different
chromosomes, how many different combinations of alleles will be created by
independent assortment?
Which of the following is not part of Mendel’s model?
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
To study inheritance, how was the F1 generation made during Mendel's monohybrid cross?
Which of the following is the physical basis for Mendel's principle of segregation?
If Mendelian genetics apply and independent assortment is true, what is the probability of a genetically and phenotypically recessive organism in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross?
Which of the following is not part of Mendel’s Model?
If the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross displaying independent assortment consists of 16 organisms, how many organisms display the dominant phenotype for both characters being considered?
In the P generation of a dihybrid cross, what are the genotypes of the organisms being crossed?
What does the F1 generation consist of in successful monohybrid cross?
A Mendelian Dihybrid cross results in a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation. What does this confirm?
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross (Practice Questions)
Mendel's Dihyrbid Cross Questions (Multiple Choice)
1. To test whether the alleles for apple size and colour sort dependently or independently, one homozygous dominant plant (BBRR = big & red) and one homozygous recessive plant (bbrr = small & green) are tested using a Mendelian Dihybrid cross. The resulting F2 generation supports the hypothesis of dependent assortment. Which of the following is correct regarding the F2 generation?
A - 75% of organisms have a small & green phenotype
How can we use reciprocal crosses to determine sex linkage using the following example:
In Drosophila, the gene for eye colour is found on the X-chromosome where having red eyes is dominant to having white eyes. What proportion of offspring will be
white eyed in the following crosses?
Match each of the following principles proposed by Mendel with the statements that best describe them.