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Wize University Biology Textbook > Mendelian Genetics

Genotype and Phenotype

2 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > DNA Replication & Repair

In vivo DNA Replication

5 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > The Cell Cycle

Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle

7 Activities

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A diploid cell that is 2n = 4 receives a2, b2, and c2 alleles from one parent, and a1, b2, and c2 alleles from the other parent. Alleles a and b are on the same chromosome, while allele c is on another one.
Draw the resulting cell after DNA replication.
More Genotype and Phenotype Questions:
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of degrading
cholesterol due to the presence of a cluster of genes encoding cholesterol-degrading enzymes. In the lab, you removed the gene that encodes the cholesterol transport and the bacterium is no longer able to bring cholesterol in to the cell. The inability of the bacterium to grow on cholesterol is a change to the ________________, while the removal of the gene is a change to the __________________.
Which of the following described alleles?
Genome
A cell has a genotype a1/a2, c3/c3. Draw the cell before and after DNA replication.
Inheritance of traits practice problem 3
In cats, big ears are dominant over short ears, and the gene is autosomal. Another gene controls eye colour, and is X-linked. "E" gives brown eyes, "e" gives blue eyes, and Ee gives green eyes.
Brown eyed male with the homozygous genotype for big ears is mated with a female with short ears and green eyes. What kittens could be produced?
Note: X-linked traits are on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
Cell cycle practice problem 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
An individual's complete set of alleles makes up their:
Assume the following dihybrid crosses where for a particular gene, A represents the dominant allele and a, the recessive allele, and for another trait, B represents the dominant allele and b, the recessive allele. Genes show complete dominance.
Which of the following described alleles?
Which of the following describes alleles?
Which of the following statements is false?
Practice: Alleles
Which of the following describes alleles?
Practice: Bacterium
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is able to produce a compound called staphyloferrin B. In the lab, you removed the gene that encodes the enzymes responsible for producing this compound. The inability of the bacterium to produce staphyloferrin is a change to the ________________, while the removal of the gene is a change to the __________________.
Is this phrase true or false?
"An allele can be defined as a variation in the nucleotide sequence of the genes that always result in an observable phenotype"
Which of the following described alleles?
More In vivo DNA Replication Questions:
What is the best definition of the nature of DNA replication?
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following strand of DNA – 3’ TAGCTACGTTAT 5’?
Practice: 5-bromo-uracil Causing an SNP
You decide to incubate your cells with the mutagen 5-bromo-uracil for 2 rounds of replication. Which of the following sequences are the correct sequence change after 2 rounds of replication in the presence of 5-bromo-uracil if your starting sequence is CGTCAG?
Practice: DNA Replication
Which of the following acts first during DNA replication?
DNA replication
What is the role of primase during DNA replication? How does the role of primase differ on the leading strand vs. the lagging strand?
DNA Replication
What prevents super coiling of DNA during DNA replication?
Practice: 5-bromo-uracil Causing an SNP
You decide to incubate your cells with the mutagen 5-bromo-uracil for 2 rounds of replication. Which of the following sequences are the correct sequence change after 1 more round of replication in the presence of 5-bromo-uracil if your starting sequence is CGTCAG?
Practice: DNA Replication
Which of the following acts first during DNA replication?
Practice: DNA Replication
Which of the following acts first during DNA replication?
DNA Replication
Which of the following proteins can extend the 5' end of a DNA strand?
1. DNA polymerase III
2. Ligase
DNA Replication
RNA primers are used by the cell during DNA replication. If you were to look at the nucleotide sequence of all of the RNA primers used during DNA replication, how would they compare?
DNA Replication
RNA primers are used by the cell during DNA replication. If you were to look at the nucleotide sequence of all of the RNA primers used during DNA replication, how would they compare?
DNA Replication
RNA primers are used by the cell during DNA replication. If you were to look at the nucleotide sequence of all of the RNA primers used during DNA replication, how would they compare?
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following single-stranded DNA molecule? Write it in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
5'-GGATCTGCTATG-3'
Consider the 5' and 3' designations:
i. They must be on the same ends for two DNA strands in a helix (parallel)
ii. They must be on opposite ends for two DNA strands in a helix (antiparallel)
What direction are nucleic acids written in?
"___________" synthesizes DNA until it hits the primer of the next "_________" fragment
Describe DNA replication on the lagging strand in detail (after DNA helicase has unwound the double-stranded DNA). Be sure to include key proteins/enzymes as well as their functions.
Which of the following relieves torsional tension during DNA replication
You are preforming an experiment to determine the way a mysterious life form replicates its DNA. [The DNA contains the same bases]. You grow this life form up in heavy Nitrogen (15N) and then transfer that into a broth (food for the life form) to light (14N) nitrogen. The zero generation has 100% Heavy-Heavy strands. The next generation has 50% Heavy-Heavy strands and 50% light-light strands. The generation after contains 25% Heavy-Heavy strands and 75% light-light strands.
What type of DNA replication is occurring?
DNA replication
What is the role of primase?
DNA replication
Once DNA has separated _____ attaches to them.
DNA replication
DNA synthesis always occurs in the _______ direction
Cell cycle practice problem 1
A scientist grows some cells in a medium containing radioactive nucleotides, so all of the DNA within the cells are radioactive. She then transfers the cells to a medium containing normal nucleotides, and allows them to divide. If a cell undergoes one round of mitosis, what percentage of the daughter cells' DNA will be radioactive?
Cats have 19 chromosomes and are diploid. How many strands of DNA are there in a non-dividing cat skin cell?
Practice: semi-conservative DNA replication
A cell is grown in a solution containing radioactive nucleotides, so that its DNA is labeled with radioactivity. It is removed from the radioactive solution and grown in normal medium, so that any new DNA strands it makes will not be radioactive. In the normal medium, the cell replicates its DNA and divides. The two daughter cells also replicate their DNA and divide, producing a total of four cells. If a dotted line represents a radioactive DNA strand, which of
the following depicts the DNA of the four cells?
Practice: Cell Cycle1
A scientist grows some cells in a medium containing radioactive nucleotides, so all of the DNA within the cells are radioactive. She then transfers the cells to a medium containing normal nucleotides and allows them to divide. If a cell undergoes one round of mitosis, what percentage of the daughter cells' DNA will be radioactive?
Is it possible for a gene to be coded for within an intron of another gene?
DNA Structure
Which of the following enzymes is classified as a phosphodiesterase?
1. Topoisomerase
2. Primase
Practice: Location of the leading strand
The image below shows primers in a replication bubble where the bottom strand from left to right reads 3' to 5'. Which of the following is true regarding the strand placement of the primers:
DNA Replication
Which of the following proteins can extend the 5' end of a DNA strand?
1. DNA polymerase III
2. Ligase
DNA Replication
RNA primers are used by the cell during DNA replication. If you were to look at the nucleotide sequence of all of the RNA primers used during DNA replication, how would they compare?
DNA Replication
You have a culture of human cells in a dish. You have been growing these cells in normal media, but now you decide to add a fluorescently labelled adenosine to the culture media. The doubling time of your plate is about 8 hours, and after 8 hours you want to know where the fluorescently labelled adenosine has been incorporated. Which of the following is correct?
Two scientists named Meselson and Stahl performed an experiment with bacteria were they grew bacteria in 15N containing media. They then cultured these bacteria in 14N only containing media for two replication cycles. They extract DNA after each replication cycle and used a centrifuge to determine the density of the DNA. The results are shown below. If they were to perform this same experiment and collect after three replication cycles, what would the DNA density look like?
If you block the activity of DNA polymerase III, which of the following would be affected?
If thymine in the following sequence: ATGAG, undergoes a tautomeric shift, which of the following represent correct sequence after 2 rounds of replication?
You are growing a population of bacteria in normal bacterial culture. You then decide to introduce adenines into the cells that are covalently bonded to a fluorescent tag. After 2 rounds of replication in these cells, where would you find the fluorescent signal?
DNA replication naturally occurs in the structure of a replication bubble. Which of the following statements are true regarding the structure of components of this bubble?
The top strand of the replication bubble contains both a leading and lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
Topoisomerase opens the DNA strand at the origin of replication
Which of the following would not be classified as a phosphodiesterase?
i. Primase
ii. Topoisomerase
The ends of chromosomes are elongated by telomerase. Which of the following proteins is also involved in ensuring the inheritance of sameness at the ends of chromosomes?
i. DNA polymerase III
ii. Primase
Which of the follow reasons best describes the high fidelity of DNA replication?
The replication bubble below has a top strand going from 5’ to 3’. If the origin of replication is at the arrow which direction (left or right) is DNA polymerase going to extend each of these RNA primers?
The replication bubble to the left has a top strand going from 5’→\rightarrow3’. If the origin of replication is at the arrow which direction (left or right) is DNA polymerase going to extend each of these RNA primers?
Which of the follow reasons best describes the high fidelity of DNA replication?
The ends of chromosomes are elongated by telomerase. Which of the following proteins
is also involved in ensuring the inheritance of sameness of the ends of chromosomes?
i. DNA polymerase III
DNA replication naturally occurs in the structure of a replication bubble. Which of the
following statements is true regarding the structure of components of this bubble?
i. The top strand of the replication bubble contains both a leading and
Which of the following would not be classified as a phosphodiesterase?
i. Primase
ii. Topoisomerase
What is the role of single stranded binding proteins in DNA replication?
From Term Test 2 Prep: Which of the following is the correct completion of this replication bubble?
What makes DNA replication semi-conservative?
If you treated a cell with a chemical that inhibits helicase, would happen to the replication bubble during S phase of the cell cycle?
Practice: 5-bromo-uracil Causing an SNP
You decide to incubate your cells with the mutagen 5-bromo-uracil for 2 rounds of replication. Which of the following sequences are the correct sequence change after 2 rounds of replication in the presence of 5-bromo-uracil if your starting sequence is CGTCAG?
What is the function of DNA polymerase I?
How are new nucleotides added to a growing DNA strand?
Which of the following acts first during DNA replication?
What is the function of primase in DNA replication?
Which of the following best describes DNA synthesis of Okazaki fragments?
What is the function of topoisomerase and where does it function?
Why is DNA replication considered semi-conservative?
What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
What are Okazaki fragments?
Match the following enzymes with their function.
Which of the following is true in regards to DNA replication?
DNA replication
What is the role of primase during DNA replication? How does the role of primase differ on the leading strand vs. the lagging strand?
Meselson-Stahl Experiment
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA replication?
Practice: DNA Replication
On the leading strand of the replication fork, new DNA synthesis occurs:
You culture bacteria in media containing fluorescently tagged guanine. After a single
round of replication where would the fluorescently tagged guanine be? Draw circles on
the double stranded pieces of DNA below.
The Y shaped structure where the DNA double helix is unwound during DNA replication is called
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following strand of DNA – 3’ TAGCTACGTTAT 5’?
DNA replication naturally occurs in the structure of a replication bubble. Which of the following statements are true regarding the structure of components of this bubble?
i. The top strand of the replication bubble contains both a leading and
lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
DNA synthesis is semi-conservative, which means what?
A double stranded DNA molecule has the following sequence on the one strand. 5’ AAAAAAAAAAAA 3’
You incubate this DNA in a solution of radioactively labelled dATP and allow DNA replication to occur. Will both daughter strands be radioactive, yes or no?
During DNA replication, new nucleotides are added:
Practice: Cell Cycle 1
A scientist grows some cells in a medium containing radioactive nucleotides, so all of the DNA within the cells are radioactive. She then transfers the cells to a medium containing normal nucleotides, and allows them to divide. If a cell undergoes one round of mitosis, what percentage of the daughter cells' DNA will be radioactive?
Practice: DNA Replication
Which of the following acts first during DNA replication?
Origin of Replication
DNA gets replicated at origin of replications. What is the name of the the prokaryotic origin of replication? the Eukaryotic?
DNA replication
Which protein in the replication fork prevents the separated DNA strands reforming the double helix?
DNA Ligase
What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
DNA Replication
What hold the DNA polymerase to the DNA strand it is replicating?
DNA Polymerase
What is the role of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotic DNA replication?
Explain why there is a leading strand and a lagging strand during DNA replication.
DNA Replication
What prevents super coiling of DNA during DNA replication?
More Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle Questions:
If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
Mitosis
Colchicine is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used to inhibit the polymerization of tubulin dimers. Which of the following steps of the cell cycle would be most affected by colchicine treatment?
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Complete the following table:
Genome
A cell has a genotype a1/a2, c3/c3. Draw the cell before and after DNA replication.
In animal cells, during which phase do centrioles begin to move apart?
Dogs are 2n=782n=78. A somatic dog cell undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes are there during metaphase and anaphase, respectively?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes dencondense?
In which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle get broken down?
In which phase do chromosomes become fully condensed?
Complete the following table:
You observe 16 centromeres in a cell under a microscope during interphase, how many chromosomes does the organism have?
During mitosis, all of the following occur except:
A cell that has 4 pairs of chromatids in prophase will have how many chromatids during telophase?
A cell that contains 8 chromosomes at G1 will have how many chromosomes at anaphase?
A cell that contains 24 sister chromatids in prophase would contain how many chromosomes at interphase of the next cell cycle?
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true?
Dogs are 2n=782n=78. A somatic dog cell undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes are there during metaphase and anaphase, respectively?
A human cell has received a mutation and is unable to produce actin. What would be the result after mitosis?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
Cell cycle practice problem 3
Complete the following table for a cell that has the genetic formula 2n = 22
Cell cycle practice problem 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Cell cycle practice problem 1
A scientist grows some cells in a medium containing radioactive nucleotides, so all of the DNA within the cells are radioactive. She then transfers the cells to a medium containing normal nucleotides, and allows them to divide. If a cell undergoes one round of mitosis, what percentage of the daughter cells' DNA will be radioactive?
What is the genetic formula for the diploid cell shown below?
Cats have 19 chromosomes and are diploid. How many strands of DNA are there in a non-dividing cat skin cell?
Genome practice problem 1
A cell has the genetic formula n=8n=8. Draw how the cell would look after DNA replication.
Which of the following is different between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
Which of the following is not a method for enhancing genetic diversity?
A human cell received a mutation and is unable to produce actin. What would be the result after mitosis?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
Which step of mitosis do sister chromatids get separated?
How can FACs be used to quantify the amount of cells in different phases of the cell cycle?
Which of the following describes the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
1. Mitosis occurs in autosomal cells while meiosis in gamete cells
2. Mitosis involves undergoing cell division twice
Anaphase A and B differ in the following way(s). Select all that apply.
Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
1. Mitotic events can be observed with a light microscope
2. Sister chromatids are generated during prophase
Practice: Mitosis
Use the following image of diving onion root cells to answer the following 4 questions:
Practice: Mitosis
Complete the following table based on a cell that is 2n=12
In which of the following groups would you find meiosis?
1. Humans
2. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
Practice: Cell Cycle 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Cell cycle
In order, what are the phases of the Mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle?
Telomeres
A human cell as 23 pairs of chromosomes. What is the total number of telomeres found at prophase of mitosis?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
Which of the following characteristics are the same in both meiosis II and mitosis?
Which of the following is correct regarding the movement of chromosomes during anaphase?
If you were to look at a dividing somatic cell in prometaphase under a microscope, what structures could you see clearly given that you would be able to see all structures of the cell without an appropriate stain?
i. Condensed chrosmosomes
ii. A single centrosome
A flowering plant has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many telomeres would a gametophyte somatic cell have at prophase of mitosis?
From Term Test 2 Prep: An animal cell is 3n and 6C at prophase. What are the n and C-values of this cell in G1?
From Term Test 2 Prep: A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual telomeres would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
From Term Test 1 Prep: If you were to stain proteins in a dividing cell to determine which stage it is in, which of the following protein would you design a fluorescent tag for to visualize a cell in telophase?
From Term Test 1 Prep: A mouse has 20 pairs of chromosomes. How many individual sister chromatids would a mouse cell have at metaphase?
Mitosis
Colchicine is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used to inhibit the polymerization of tubulin dimers. Which of the following steps of the cell cycle would be most affected by colchicine treatment?
Mitosis
Researchers often want to visualize what stage of the cell cycle their cells are in. Which of the following proteins could a researcher stain in order to identify cells in metaphase?
1. Actin
2. Tubulin
Chromosome Multiple Choice Question
Which of the following is not true regarding the centromere in metaphase chromosomes?
A cell that contains 24 sister chromatids in prophase would contain how many chromosomes at G1 of the next cell cycle?
A cell that contains 8 chromosomes at G1 will have how many chromosomes after anaphase?
Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
1. Mitotic events can be observed with a light microscope
2. Sister chromatids are generated during prophase
The stage of the cell cycle where one cell splits into two is called _______
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in the G2 stage of the cell cycle?
You are able to observe 16 centromeres in a cell under a powerful microscope during prometaphase – how many sister chromatids does the organism have?
During the entirety of what cell cycle stage(s) can individual chromosomes be observed under a light microscope?
You are studying the cell cycle and observe a cell in the lab with two nuclei, which of the following is a likely explanation?
If you removed a cells’ centrioles with an incredibly fine needle during mitosis, what stage would be affected?
During mitosis, all of the following occur except:
Which of the following is different between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
At what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope first fragment?
Which of the following is true of cytokinesis in animals?
If a cell contained 4 chromosomes during prophase, how many chromosomes and chromatids would it have during prometaphase?
What is the difference between mitosis metaphase and meiosis metaphase II?
Practice: Mitosis 1
A cell has 10 chromosomes in G1 phase. After prometaphase, how many duplicated chromosomes are present?
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is true?
Practice: Cell Cycle 2
A cell is 2n=82n=8and has the genotype a2/a2, b1/b2, c1/c2, d2/d2. Draw the cell:
a) in "G1 phase"
b) At "metaphase"
Which of the following is present in meiosis, but not mitosis?
A centromere joins a pair of
Is the process of mitosis the same in plant and animal cells?
Which of the following would you make a fluorescent tag for if you wanted to take a fluorescent image of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
You tag guanines with fluorescent tags and add them to the cell during S phase of the cell cycle. When you look at these chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis using a fluorescent microscope, where on the sister chromosomes would you find fluorescent signal?
If you overheard someone in your biology class say that “plants are haploid and make
gametes by mitosis, while animals are diploid and make gametes by meiosis”, would you
agree or disagree with this statement, and why?
Which of the following characteristics are the same in both meiosis II and mitosis?
Is the process of mitosis the same in plant and animal cells?
Which of the following would you make a fluorescent tag for if you wanted to take a
fluorescent image of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?
If you were to look at a dividing somatic cell in prometaphase under a microscope, what
structures could you see clearly given that you would be able to see all structures of the
cell without an appropriate stain?
You tag guanines with a fluorescent tag and add it to the cell during S phase of the cell cycle. When you look at these chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis using a fluorescent microscope, where on the sister chromosomes would find fluorescent signal?