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Where in the Chlamydomonas cell would you find mRNA with a 5’ CAP?

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Wize University Biology Textbook > Transcription and Translation

Eukaryotic Transcription

2 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Cell Structure

The Endomembrane System

9 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Cell Structure

Eukaryotic Cells [detailed]

9 Activities

Where in the Chlamydomonas cell would you find mRNA with a 5’ CAP?
More Eukaryotic Transcription Questions:
Predict the effects of the following mutations. (Note that heritable mutations occur in the DNA, but I am giving you the mRNA version in order to simplify things. Assume that codons are in frame.)
a. AUG →\rightarrowAUA
b. AG splice site →\rightarrowAA
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
There is a gene that codes for a protein that is differentially expressed in lung and heart tissue. What are some possible ways that this gene is post-transcriptionally regulated?
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus? - Practice Question
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus?
Start codon
Intron-exon boundaries
What is the role of tRNA?
a) Read mRNA codons using anticodons and assemble amino acids in the proper sequence to make a protein
b) Package and transport proteins to various locations in the cell
Where do both transcription and translation take place in eukaryotes?
The diagram represents regions around a gene encoding a mRNA. The translation initiation codon (AUG) is present in exon 1 of the mRNA. The stop codon (UGA) is present in exon 4.
Where is the TATA box located?
What is the base sequence of the DNA template sequence from which the following mRNA sequence is derived?
5'-GGUAUC-3'
__________ regulate which genes or subset of genes are transcribed in a particular cell type:
What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand that would be synthesized from the following DNA template strand?
5'-GTTAAC-3'
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called __________, which utilizes the enzyme __________:
Which of the following statements are false?
i. Introns are the coding regions in DNA
ii. Exons are the non-coding regions in DNA
Which of the following commonly make up RNA's secondary structure?
In eukaryotes, which of the following is true about transcription:
i. Removal of exons
ii. Addition of a poly-U tail
RNA polymerase (in prokaryotes) requires what subunit in order to recognize the promoter sequence?
What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand that would be synthesized from the following DNA template strand?
5'-GTTAAC-3'
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called __________, which utilizes the enzyme __________:
What are the three stages of transcription?
The ribosome preforms the process called _____ while RNA polymerase preforms the process called ____
If you found a drug that inhibits transcription but cannot enter the nucleus what would it be useful for?
Practice: DNA encoding
Given the mRNA strand below, determine the DNA encoding this region (template and non-template strand).
5'-AUGGCAGGAC-3'
Transcription
Label the following statements as true or false
A. When RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in to RNA, the RNA is an exact copy of the DNA stand being transcribed.
B. Uracil complements with adenine in RNA.
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus? - Practice Question
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus?
The synthesis, processing and function of a eukaryotic miRNA involves complimentary base pairing with which of the following?
DNA
tRNA
Which of the following are neither transcribed nor translated?
TATA box
Enhancer
Which of the following information is understood by the cell in the form of RNA?
Consider a gene that has moved through lateral gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. This gene, although now in the nucleus, still exerts its function in the mitochondria. What would this gene absolutely need to acquire in order to be properly expressed?
Which of the following would be found in both the eukaryotic genes encoding ribosomal proteins and ribosomal rRNA?
The human body often expresses different proteins or amounts of proteins originating from the same gene in different tissues. Which of the following are possible explanations for this phenomena?
You express the transcription factor BTF3 fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Using live cell imaging immunofluorescent microscopy you want to visualize the localization of this protein in the cell. Under the microscope, where would you expect to see positive signal?
There is a gene that codes for a protein that is differentially expressed in lung and heart tissue. What are some possible ways that this gene is post-transcriptionally regulated?
Which of the following components would be coded for in the DNA of the rhodopsin gene?
A protein is coding for Proline-Histidine-Serine-Threonine, if the below listed DNA sequences are shown from 5' to 3', which DNA sequence would be used as a template for the mRNA strand that codes for this string of amino acids?
Which of the following proteins would you find bound to DNA during eukaryotic gene expression?
You treat a eukaryotic cell with a compound that is a zinc-finger inhibitor by acting to pull the zinc ions away from those proteins. Which of the following would be inhibited by such a compound?
Using a fluorescently tagged antibody for TATA binding protein, the transcription factor that binds the TATA box, where in the cell would you see fluorescence under a fluorescent microscope?
Which of the following is understood by a eukaryotic cell as RNA found in the cytoplasm?
Which of the following is true of histones?
Practice: cDNA Length
Does the length of a gene always correlate to the length of the cDNA of that gene (e.g. Does a gene that is 1kb long have a longer cDNA sequence than a gene that is only 600kb long)? Why or why not?
Which RNA polymerases are required to transcribe rRNA?
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Draw a two-intron eukaryotic gene and its pre-mRNA and mRNA products.
Predict the effects of the following mutations. (Note that heritable mutations occur in the DNA, but I am giving you the mRNA version in order to simplify things. Assume that codons are in frame.)
a. AUG →\rightarrowAUA
b. AG splice site →\rightarrowAA
Practice: Transcription & Translation
Both transcription and translation are said to proceed via three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Focusing on eukaryotes, summarize each step for transcription and translation.
Practice: Exam Question
This is a very complicated image that is quite popular as an exam question. Match the letters on the micrograph with the following terms:
Where is this process occurring? Explain.
More The Endomembrane System Questions:
Ribosome in nucleus
Where in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled? [answer is one word]
Your friend is trying to convince you that the ER was one a prokaryotic cell and was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. He says they had a symbiotic relationship that allowed then to continue living on together. What evidence could you present to him that would disprove his theory?
How do water-soluble molecules move into the ER lumen?
What would happen if the a ribosome attached to the ER membrane created a transmembrane protein with a deformed STA hydrophobic region? Assume that the deformation involves the addition of some hydrophilic amino acids.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is filled with cristae (folded parts). How would this aid in increasing ATP production? Explain the structure-function relationship of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following things does not describe the cytoplasm
Similar to Midterm 1 2018
Explain how you could change the rate of fusion to make the mitochondria in a cell larger. Name 2 things you could do to make this happen.
Smooth ER
Which of the following best describes the smooth ER?
Hydrolytic enzymes
Where could you expect to find hydrolytic enzymes?
Practice: Cell Theory
Which of the following is a premise of cell theory?
Golgi
Which of the following is a function of the golgi apparatus?
Ribosome in nucleus
Where in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled? [answer is one word]
A desmosome connects cells of one type of tissue together by...
All cells store their DNA in the nucleus and/or additionally in the mitochondria/chloroplast. T or F
The ribosome is made up of
Practice: Endomembrane 2
Predict what coat protein is lining the vesicles moving between these organelles?
1. Between B to C
2. Between C to B
If cadherin is a type I transmembrane protein, it's structure does NOT include:
If acetyltransferase is an ER-bound membrane protein where its N-terminus catalytic domain works in the ER lumen, what type of membrane protein is it?
Which of the following does not use clathrin coated vesicles?
Which of the following is most likely to occur if a glycosylation enzyme in the ER was mutated?
Which of the following statements about co-translation translocation into the ER is true?
1. Ribosomes are permanently bound to the ER surface
2. ER signal sequence is recognized by the SRP (signal recognition particle)
Which of the following experimental findings support the idea that secreted proteins are synthesized in the ER?
Signal peptide sequences exist in cargo protein to ensure that they are direct to the correct location along the endomembrane system. Which of the following statements correctly describes signal peptide sequences?
1. KDEL is the Golgi retention signal peptide sequence
2. Peptide sequences are recognized by the correct coat proteins
How many start ER signal sequences would you expect to find in the following transmembrane protein?
Considering the following ER transmembrane proteins, which of the following proteins would have their C-terminus inside the ER lumen? Select all that apply.
Use the following to answer this 3-part question:
Consider the 6 different ER membrane protein orientation to answer this 2 part question:
3 domains
Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle? (select all that apply)
Where along the endomembrane system would you find COPI coat protein?
Practice: Endomembrane 1
Name the structures indicated on the figure below:
What is the role of the nucleolus?
In which of the following organelles is addition and modification of oligosaccharides to glycoproteins completed?
What is the function of nuclear pore complexes?
Which of the following describes exocytosis?
Turgor pressure is most closely linked to which of the following?
How are lysosomes maintained at such a low pH?
How do vesicles move about the cell?
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi?
In what structure is glycosylation typically initiated?
Which of the following is not a function of the smooth ER?
What is the perinuclear space?
Fill in the blanks: Lysosomes are maintained at __________ pH through the action of
____________
What is the cis Golgi network (CGN) is thought of as?
Which of the following is a non-membranous structure?
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the function of nuclear pore complexes?
Where is the internal leaflet of an ER vesicle oriented after fusing with the Golgi?
Which of the following is false regarding lysosomes?
A peripheral membrane protein that was synthesized in the rough ER lumen would be facing which direction in a vesicle after Golgi sorting?
What is the Golgi generally responsible for?
The trans Golgi is considered ...
Where does protein modification typically start?
Which of the following is not included in the endomembrane system?
Where is the site of ribosomes biogenesis?
Put the following in order of size from LARGEST to SMALLEST:
Virus, nucleus, bacteria, eukaryotic cell, ribosome
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is false regarding ribosomes?
Which of the following are part of the endomembrane system?
Botulinum toxin is a protein which contains a heavy chain and a light chain. The heavy chain guides the toxin to neurons, where the light chain is released into the cytoplasm. The light chain is a protein-degrading enzyme (protease) that targets SNARE proteins. Some people like to inject this toxin in order to relax their facial muscles ¯\_(ツ)_/¯. Explain how botulinum toxin might inhibit muscle contractions.
You are interested in studying a secretory protein (protein X). Propose an experiment that would allow you to determine whether it is secreted via constitutive exocytosis or regulated exocytosis.
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
Trace the pathway by which a hydrolytic enzyme localizes to the lysosome. Explain where the
enzyme is synthesized, which endomembrane compartments it must go through, and how it is
Wize Concept Check
Endosomes are responsible for sorting endocytosed macromolecules. What are the possible outcomes for molecules sent to an endosome? For each possible outcome, give an example of a molecule that might be processed in that way.
Wize Concept Check
Glycosylation of proteins in the secretory pathway takes place over several steps, mediated by enzymes that are located in the ER and in different Golgi cisternae. Why do you think that these enzymes are separated into different compartments of the endomembrane system?
Wize Concept Check
Once a vesicle has budded from a membrane, it sheds its coat proteins (clathrin/COP proteins). What proteins remain on the vesicle surface? How does the vesicle recognize its target membrane?
Wize Concept Check
Explain the role of each of the following components in the formation of a clathrin-coated
vesicle:
a. Cargo receptor:
More Eukaryotic Cells [detailed] Questions:
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
Compartmentalization of cellular processes is fundamental to eukaryotic cell function.
Thesis statement:
MCAT Practice Question
Mitochondria in cardiac (heart) cells have more densely-folded cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Why do you think this is?
MCAT Practice Question
Mitochondria in cardiac (heart) cells have more densely-folded cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Why do you think this is?
What is arrow #4 pointing to?
Which of the following things does not describe the cytoplasm
DNA in plants
Where could you expect to find DNA in a plant cell?
Mitochondria: Similar to 2014 Question 13
Which statement is FALSE about the mitochondria?
What is the role of Mitochondria in Oxidative phosphorylation?
Practice: Eukaryotic Cell (Advanced)
Where is DNA found in a plant cell?
Practice: Cell Theory
Which of the following is a premise of cell theory?
All cells store their DNA in the nucleus and/or additionally in the mitochondria/chloroplast. T or F
Which of the following is not a component of ribosomes?
Put the following objects in size order from largest to smallest: single chain proteins, smallest bacteria, mitochondria, viruses, ribosomes
Which of the following is not a feature of peroxisomes?
Which of the following is common between both cholorplast and mitochondria?
Which of the following is not a component of mitochondria?
Eukaryotic ribosomes consist of what components?
Which of the following statements is false regarding ribosomes?
How do peroxisomes deal with the formation of H2O2 (peroxide)?
Which of the following is false regarding ribosomes?
Which of the following is different between mitochondria and chloroplast?
How do peroxisomes deal with the formation of H2O2H _2 O _2 (peroxide)?
Which of the following is false regarding ribosomes?
Which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for determining the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct one billion years ago?
Mitochondria in cardiac (heart) cells have more densely-folded cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Why do you think this is?
Essay Outline: Note, there is no one correct answer for this question. An example has been provided. If you would like feedback on your essay outline, feel free to contact Kirstin.
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
Compartmentalization of cellular processes is fundamental to eukaryotic cell function.
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
What features do the mitochondrion and the chloroplast have in common? What features are
different? Consider both structure and function.
Wize Concept Check
Name the structures indicated on the figure below:
Practice Problem
List the following in order of largest to smallest:
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
Practice: Golgi Apparatus
Explain the structure-function relationship of the Golgi apparatus.
Practice: Mitochondrial Membrane
Explain the structure-function relationship of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Practice: Eukaryotes
Name 3 features of eukaryotic cells that prokaryotic cells lack.