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Why is annotating a eukaryotic genome a lot more difficult than a prokaryotic g…

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Wize University Biology Textbook > Transcription and Translation

Translation into Proteins

7 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Gene Expression & Regulation

Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation [Transcription Factors, Enhancers and Repressors]

3 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > Transcription and Translation

Prokaryotic Transcription

6 Activities

Why is annotating a eukaryotic genome a lot more difficult than a prokaryotic genome?
More Translation into Proteins Questions:
Match the correct options.
tRNA
Why are there so many tRNA molecules?
Which of the following statements is true regarding translation?
What type of interaction occurs between the codon of the mRNA and anticodon of the tRNA:
What end of the protein molecule is synthesized first?
What is the role of tRNA?
a) Read mRNA codons using anticodons and assemble amino acids in the proper sequence to make a protein
b) Package and transport proteins to various locations in the cell
Where do both transcription and translation take place in eukaryotes?
Ribosomes
What are ribosomes responsible for producing?
Practice: tRNA vs mRNA
An anticodon of a tRNA has the sequence 5'-GCA-3'. Use an amino acid table like the one from the theory to help you!
a) What amino acid does the tRNA carry?
b) What is a complimentary mRNA codon?
The ribosome is made up of
The ribosome preforms the process called _____ while RNA polymerase preforms the process called ____
Practice: Translation
Match the correct options.
Practice: Components for Protein Translation
Which of the following is not necessary for protein translation to occur?
Which of the following functions as an RNA-protein complex?
Ribosomes
snRNPs
If the codon for arginine in DNA is 3'GCA, what would be the expected tRNA anticodon sequence?
Consider a typical prokaryotic gene as shown. Which of the numbers indicates a sequence that is transcribed but not translated?
What is required before the elongation of a polypeptide in a prokaryotic cell can begin?
How is a finished polypeptide released from the ribosome?
Which of the following is not necessary for protein translation to occur?
What is synthesized at the N-termini of every polypeptide in eukaryotes?
What is the first amino acid of a translated polypeptide?
If a reading frame shift occurs during translation of an mRNA transcript, what is the MOST likely outcome?
Match the following enzymes with their function.
Translation and Primary structure Question
A protein coding polypeptide chain... (select all that apply)
Translation
Which of the following statements is true regarding translation?
Use the codon dictionary below to complete the following table. Assume that reading is from left to right and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments.
Translation Initiation
How is translation initiation different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
tRNA
Why are there so many tRNA molecules?
Explain the stages of translation elongation including the ribosomal sites in your answer.
Match the correct options.
Membrane Proteins
If a random protein was mutated, what effect do you think that the following amino acid substitutions would have on the structure of the protein? Would these substitutions affect secondary, tertiary, or quaternary protein structure?
a. Cys →\rightarrow Pro
b. Asp →\rightarrowLys
More Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation [Transcription Factors, Enhancers and Repressors] Questions:
The human body often expresses different proteins or amounts of proteins originating from the same gene in different tissues. Which of the following are possible explanations for this phenomena?
Which of the following proteins would you find bound to DNA during eukaryotic gene expression?
Which of the following can regulate the initiation of transcription?
Practice: Gene Mechanisms
You are doing an experiment to determine the mechanism of gene
expression of a bacterial operon responsible for the utilization of glycerol. You know Abc1 is the regulator. You have two strains of the bacteria: one has the normal Abc1 regulator (+abc1), and the other does not (-abc1). You obtain the following results when growing the two strains with and without glycerol:
Describe the mechanism of regulation.
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated into protein. As such, when we think of DNA, we often picture transcriptionally active euchromatin. However, approx. 10% of interphase DNA in eukaryotes is organized as transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. Explain the importance of heterochromatin.
Thesis statement:
The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is named after a rare form of cancer that affects the retina (the light-detecting tissue of the eye). In patients with this type of cancer, what do you think has happened to the Rb protein?
More Prokaryotic Transcription Questions:
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Where possible, try to explain why these differences exist.
Transcription Initiation
What is the DNA sequence to which RNA polymerse binds and transcription starts?
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Transcription Termination
Which of the following are not involved in transcription termination?
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
In
prokaryotic
cells, mRNA is transcribed directly from the DNA template without additional processing.
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following would you need to change from the DNA sequence of this gene in order to have it be properly expressed? - Practice Question
You want to express the protein for epidermal growth factor in a bacterial cell. Which of the following would you need to change from the DNA sequence of this gene in order to have it be properly expressed?
Remove introns
Remove the SD box
How does prokaryotic transcription begin?
In eukaryotes, which of the following is true about transcription:
i. Removal of exons
ii. Addition of a poly-U tail
What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand that would be synthesized from the following DNA template strand?
5'-GTTAAC-3'
If there was a mutation in the DNA sequence at the -35 box in prokaryotes what phases of transcription do you think would be effected and why?
Bonus: which subunit binds to the -35 box?
Which of the following would you need to change from the DNA sequence of this gene in order to have it be properly expressed? - Practice Question
You want to express the protein for epidermal growth factor in a bacterial cell. Which of the following would you need to change from the DNA sequence of this gene in order to have it be properly expressed?
The synthesis, processing and function of a eukaryotic miRNA involves complimentary base pairing with which of the following?
DNA
tRNA
Which of the following information is understood by the cell in the form of RNA?
Consider a typical prokaryotic gene as shown. Which of the numbers indicates a sequence that is transcribed but not translated?
You want to compare distantly related organisms from eukaryotes to bacteria. Which of the following would you use?
Consider a gene that has moved through lateral gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. This gene, although now in the nucleus, still exerts its function in the mitochondria. What would this gene absolutely need to acquire in order to be properly expressed?
What is required before the elongation of a polypeptide in a prokaryotic cell can begin?
Which of the following is understood by the prokaryotic cell as RNA?
What is the correct order of structural elements in a prokaryotic gene?
Which of the following are understood by the prokaryotic cell as RNA?
A heat shock protein increases in abundance after exposure to 40°C compared to 24°C. You can visually see the increase in band intensity on a Western blot. You treat your cells with MG132 to block the activity of the proteasome as well as treating the cells with antinomycin to block transcription. Looking at your Western blot, the protein abundance of the heat shock protein decreases over time at the same temperature. What is the most likely reason for this observed decrease?
In
prokaryotic
cells, mRNA is transcribed directly from the DNA template without additional processing.
Transcription Question
Which of the following enzymes is used in the elongation phase of transcription?
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following is false regarding transcription?
Draw a prokaryotic gene and its RNA product.
Transcription Termination
Which of the following are not involved in transcription termination?
Transcription Initiation
What is the DNA sequence to which RNA polymerse binds and transcription starts?
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Where possible, try to explain why these differences exist.