The Cytoskeleton
![Image illustrating Cytoskeleton Overview [short lesson]](https://d3rw207pwvlq3a.cloudfront.net/attachments/000/116/593/original/image.png?1593573711)
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. Cytoskeletal filaments are dynamic, and can re-organize; this allows cells to change shape, interact with the environment, move, and organize cellular compartments.
There are three types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton, and these are often classified by the size of each filament:
Intermediate filaments: rope-like filaments composed of a family of keratin proteins.
- Provide mechanical strength;
- Named for their intermediate size, relative to actin and microtubules.
Microtubules: hollow cylinders made of tubulin dimers.
- Involved in organization of organelles and vesicles;
- Form the mitotic spindle;
- Major component of flagella and cilia.
Actin Microfilaments: helical polymers of actin protein.
- Involved in cellular movement;
- Involved in skeletal muscle contraction;
- In plants, involved in organization of organelles and vesicles.
![Image illustrating Cytoskeleton Overview [short lesson]](https://d3rw207pwvlq3a.cloudfront.net/attachments/000/035/799/original/Capture.JPG?1541608420)
Microtubules
Microtubules are crucial for the interior organization of cells: during interphase, they associate with motor proteins that transport or position organelles and vesicles.
- During cell division, they form the mitotic spindle, ensuring that chromosomes are correctly divided between the two daughter cells.
- They also form the core of flagella and cilia.
- They are dynamic, i.e. they are able to rapidly disassemble and reassemble. Their ability to switch between phases of assembly and disassembly is called dynamic instability.
- There are two main categories of microtubules:
- Cytoplasmic: more dynamic; located throughout cytosol.
- Axonemal: located in cilia in flagella; less dynamic and more stable.
- Microtubules originate/grow outward from microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs):
- Centrosomes are a type of MTOC found in animal cells and are considered cell organelles;
- Consist of a pair of centrioles that are perpendicular to each other, surrounded by various proteins;
- The centrioles are made up of 9 triplets of microtubules.
Microtubule Structure
- Protofilament: a single chain of tubulin dimers, alternating between α- and β-tubulin.
- Microtubule: 13 protofilaments bind laterally to form a hollow, tube-like structure (see cross section).
- Larger (~10 - 25 nm) than actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
Photo by Thomas Splettstoesser / CC BY
Microtubule Function
- Provide structural support.
- Organization of cytoplasm: positioning of organelles.
- Transport ("roads" for motor proteins).
- Segregation of chromosomes during cell division (mitotic spindle).
Actin Microfilaments
Actin microfilaments are involved in cellular movements, and are required for phagocytosis and cell division.
- They are usually located just below the cell membrane.
- They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal components (~6 nm in diameter).
- Like microtubules, actin microfilaments are polar, and can also assemble and disassemble (dynamic instability).
- Filamentous actin (f-actin) is composed of monomers of globular actin (g-actin).
- They are the tracks where motor proteins "walk".
Photo by Rice University / CC BY
Actin Filament Functions
- Structural support;
- Movement of organelles and vesicles;
- Cell division;
- Muscle contraction.
Photo by Rice University / CC BY
Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate filaments enable cells to withstand mechanical stress, by distributing the effects of locally applied force.
- They do not have a role in cell movement.
- They are located throughout the cell and have roles in cell junctions, and maintaining nuclear structure.
- They consist of long, twisted strands of fibrous proteins.
- They are ~10 nm in diameter and are composed of various helical protein types. Example: keratin.
- Unlike microtubules and actin filaments, intermediate filaments are not as dynamic.
Photo by Rice University / CC BY
Illustrations of the Cytoskeleton: Dinner at the Motor Dine In
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