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Biology

1. Chemistry of Life

Types of Bonds and Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bond

Intermolecular Forces: Van der Waals Interactions

Properties of Water and Carbon

From Monomers to Polymers

2. Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells [short]

Eukaryotic Cells [detailed]

Endosymbiont Theory

The Endomembrane System

The Cytoskeleton

Motor Proteins: Cilia and Flagella

Connections between Cells and their Environment

3. The Plasma Membrane

Components and Structure

Thermodynamics of Membrane Formation

Passive Transport

Active Transport

4. Cell Communication

Types of Cell Communication

Types of Cell Receptors [Internal Receptors, GPCRs, RTKs, Ion Channels]

Signal Propagation

Second Messengers [short]

Second Messengers [comprehensive]

Response to Signaling

5. Energy & Metabolism

Overview of Metabolism

Redox Reactions

Laws of Thermodynamics

Types of Energy [Potential, Kinetic, Free & Activation]

Coupled Reactions

ATP Energy and the Proton Motive Force (PMF)

Enzyme Regulation

6. Cellular Respiration

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis [short]

Glycolysis [detailed]

Energy of Glucose Metabolism

Glycolysis Regulation

Glycolysis: Important Takeaways

Pyruvate Processing [Oxidation] [short]

The TCA [Citric Acid / Krebs] Cycle [short]

The TCA [Citric Acid / Krebs] Cycle [detailed]

Utilization of TCA [Citric Acid / Krebs] Cycle Intermediates

The Electron Transport Chain [short]

The Electron Transport Chain [detailed]

7. Photosynthesis

Plant Structures for Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis: Light and Dark Reactions [short]

Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis [detailed]

Calvin Cycle [Carbon Fixation] [detailed]

Photorespiration

8. The Cell Cycle

The Genome & Chromosomal Structure

Mitotic Phase of Cell Cycle

Control of Cell Cycle

Prokaryotic Cell Division: Life Cycle & Growth

9. DNA Replication & Repair

DNA Structure and Sequence

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

In vivo DNA Replication

Types of DNA Mutations

Repair of DNA Mutations

Repair of Double Stranded DNA Breaks

In Vitro DNA Replication: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

10. Transcription and Translation

The Central Dogma of Biology

Prokaryotic Transcription

Eukaryotic Transcription

RNA Maturation in Eukaryotes

Translation into Proteins

11. Gene Expression & Regulation

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

Prokaryotic Operons: Tryptophan (trp) Operon

Prokaryotic Operons: Lactose (lac) Operon

Prokaryotic Operons: Lactose (lac) Operon [detailed]

Prokaryotic Operons: Maltose (mal) Operon

Eukaryotic Epigenetic Regulation

Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation [Transcription Factors, Enhancers and Repressors]

Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation

Eukaryotic Translational/Post-Translational Regulation

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

History of Genetics and Laws of Probability

Genotype and Phenotype

Incomplete Dominance, Co-Dominance

Laws of Inheritance [Mendel's Laws]

Forked-Line and Probability Methods

Intro to Pedigree Analysis

Inheritance of Autosomal Traits

Inheritance of X-Linked Traits

Pedigree Practice Problems

Probability Practice Problems

More Complex Genetics [Blood Type, Pleiotropy, Epistasis and Polygenic Inheritance]

14. Modern Concepts of Inheritance

Genetic Linkage

Chromosomal Nondisjunction, Aneuploidy and Polyploidy

Duplications, Deletions and Chromosomal Inversions

15. Lab Techniques for Biology

Genomic Mapping

Whole Genome Sequencing

Protein Purification

Protein Characterization

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Proteomics and Protein/Protein Interactions

Nucleic Acid Detection [Northern and Southern Blots]

Plasmids & Restriction Enzymes

16. The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

17. Naming Species

Nomenclature and Taxonomy

18. Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic Trees

19. Evolution

Descent with Modification

The Modern Synthesis

Evolution of Populations

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

20. Speciation

Origin of Species

Sexual Selection

21. Prokaryotes

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Bacteria

22. Viruses

Viral Morphology and Diversity

Viral Infections & Hosts

Prions & Viroids [Content coming soon]

23. Eukaryotes

Overview of Eukaryotes

Unicellular Protists

Multicellular Protists

24. Fungi

Interactions with Fungi

Humans and Fungi

25. Seedless Plants

Overview of Plants

Non-Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

26. Seed Plants

Gymnosperms (Non-flowering)

Angiosperms (Flowering)

Angiosperm Reproduction

27. Overview of Animals

Overview of Animals

Animal Body Cavities

Evolution of Animals

28. Invertebrates (Part 1: Non-Molting)

Porifera (Sponges)

Cnidarians (Jellyfish)

Acoela (Flatworms)

Annelids (Segmented Worms)

Mollusca (Snails, Clams and Squid)

29. Invertebrates (Part 2: Molting)

Overview of Ecdysis (Molting)

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Arthropoda (Jointed Limbs)

Arthropoda: Crustaceans (Crabs and Lobsters)

Arthropoda: Hexapods (Insects)

Arthropoda: Myriapoda (Millipedes and Centipedes)

Arthropoda: Chelicerata (Spiders, Scorpions and Mites)

Deuterostoma (Sea Stars, Urchins and Sea Squirts)

30. Craniates (Developed Heads)

Intro to Craniates

Vertebrata (Vertebrates)

Gnathostomes (Jawed Fish)

Osteichthyans (Boney Fish)

31. Tetrapods (Four Limbs)

Overview of Tetrapods

Amphibians (Frogs and Salamanders)

32. Plant Physiology

Plant Characteristics

Plant Tissue Systems and Organs

Water Transport

33. Animal Physiology

Overview of Animal Physiology

Animal Tissue Types

Thermoregulation

34. Ecology

Introduction to Ecology

Biomes and Abiotic Factors

Biogeochemical Cycles

Community Ecology

Species Interactions

Population Growth

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