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Wize University Biology Textbook > Transcription and Translation

Eukaryotic Transcription

2 Activities

Wize University Biology Textbook > DNA Replication & Repair

DNA Structure and Sequence

3 Activities

Label the following statements as true or false
A. When RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in to RNA, the RNA is an exact copy of the DNA stand being transcribed.
B. Uracil complements with adenine in RNA.
C. RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from 5' to 3'
More Eukaryotic Transcription Questions:
Predict the effects of the following mutations. (Note that heritable mutations occur in the DNA, but I am giving you the mRNA version in order to simplify things. Assume that codons are in frame.)
a. AUG →\rightarrowAUA
b. AG splice site →\rightarrowAA
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
There is a gene that codes for a protein that is differentially expressed in lung and heart tissue. What are some possible ways that this gene is post-transcriptionally regulated?
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus? - Practice Question
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus?
Start codon
Intron-exon boundaries
What is the role of tRNA?
a) Read mRNA codons using anticodons and assemble amino acids in the proper sequence to make a protein
b) Package and transport proteins to various locations in the cell
Where do both transcription and translation take place in eukaryotes?
The diagram represents regions around a gene encoding a mRNA. The translation initiation codon (AUG) is present in exon 1 of the mRNA. The stop codon (UGA) is present in exon 4.
Where is the TATA box located?
What is the base sequence of the DNA template sequence from which the following mRNA sequence is derived?
5'-GGUAUC-3'
__________ regulate which genes or subset of genes are transcribed in a particular cell type:
What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand that would be synthesized from the following DNA template strand?
5'-GTTAAC-3'
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called __________, which utilizes the enzyme __________:
Which of the following statements are false?
i. Introns are the coding regions in DNA
ii. Exons are the non-coding regions in DNA
Which of the following commonly make up RNA's secondary structure?
In eukaryotes, which of the following is true about transcription:
i. Removal of exons
ii. Addition of a poly-U tail
RNA polymerase (in prokaryotes) requires what subunit in order to recognize the promoter sequence?
What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand that would be synthesized from the following DNA template strand?
5'-GTTAAC-3'
RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called __________, which utilizes the enzyme __________:
What are the three stages of transcription?
The ribosome preforms the process called _____ while RNA polymerase preforms the process called ____
If you found a drug that inhibits transcription but cannot enter the nucleus what would it be useful for?
Practice: DNA encoding
Given the mRNA strand below, determine the DNA encoding this region (template and non-template strand).
5'-AUGGCAGGAC-3'
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus? - Practice Question
Which of the following are understood by the eukaryotic cell as RNA in the nucleus?
The synthesis, processing and function of a eukaryotic miRNA involves complimentary base pairing with which of the following?
DNA
tRNA
Which of the following are neither transcribed nor translated?
TATA box
Enhancer
Which of the following information is understood by the cell in the form of RNA?
Consider a gene that has moved through lateral gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. This gene, although now in the nucleus, still exerts its function in the mitochondria. What would this gene absolutely need to acquire in order to be properly expressed?
Which of the following would be found in both the eukaryotic genes encoding ribosomal proteins and ribosomal rRNA?
The human body often expresses different proteins or amounts of proteins originating from the same gene in different tissues. Which of the following are possible explanations for this phenomena?
You express the transcription factor BTF3 fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Using live cell imaging immunofluorescent microscopy you want to visualize the localization of this protein in the cell. Under the microscope, where would you expect to see positive signal?
There is a gene that codes for a protein that is differentially expressed in lung and heart tissue. What are some possible ways that this gene is post-transcriptionally regulated?
Which of the following components would be coded for in the DNA of the rhodopsin gene?
A protein is coding for Proline-Histidine-Serine-Threonine, if the below listed DNA sequences are shown from 5' to 3', which DNA sequence would be used as a template for the mRNA strand that codes for this string of amino acids?
Which of the following proteins would you find bound to DNA during eukaryotic gene expression?
You treat a eukaryotic cell with a compound that is a zinc-finger inhibitor by acting to pull the zinc ions away from those proteins. Which of the following would be inhibited by such a compound?
Using a fluorescently tagged antibody for TATA binding protein, the transcription factor that binds the TATA box, where in the cell would you see fluorescence under a fluorescent microscope?
Where in the Chlamydomonas cell would you find mRNA with a 5’ CAP?
Which of the following is understood by a eukaryotic cell as RNA found in the cytoplasm?
Which of the following is true of histones?
Practice: cDNA Length
Does the length of a gene always correlate to the length of the cDNA of that gene (e.g. Does a gene that is 1kb long have a longer cDNA sequence than a gene that is only 600kb long)? Why or why not?
Which RNA polymerases are required to transcribe rRNA?
Prokaryotic transcription differs from eukaryotic transcription in that... (select all that apply)
Practice: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Draw a two-intron eukaryotic gene and its pre-mRNA and mRNA products.
Predict the effects of the following mutations. (Note that heritable mutations occur in the DNA, but I am giving you the mRNA version in order to simplify things. Assume that codons are in frame.)
a. AUG →\rightarrowAUA
b. AG splice site →\rightarrowAA
Practice: Transcription & Translation
Both transcription and translation are said to proceed via three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Focusing on eukaryotes, summarize each step for transcription and translation.
Practice: Exam Question
This is a very complicated image that is quite popular as an exam question. Match the letters on the micrograph with the following terms:
Where is this process occurring? Explain.
More DNA Structure and Sequence Questions:
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following strand of DNA – 3’ TAGCTACGTTAT 5’?
The genome of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains 65.6% GC base pairs. What percentage of the genome is made up of purines?
A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 32% A, 18% G, 17% C, and 33% T. The nucleic acid must be:
i. Single-stranded
ii. Double-stranded
Practice: Denaturation
You are analyzing two separate DNA sequences that are approximately equal in length. You find that Sequence 1 has a G-C content of 45%. Sequence 2 has a G-C content of 52%. Which DNA sequence do you expect to have a higher denaturation temperature? Why?
The percent of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA is 21. What is the percent of thymine in that DNA?
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following single-stranded DNA molecule? Write it in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
5'-GGATCTGCTATG-3'
Consider the 5' and 3' designations:
i. They must be on the same ends for two DNA strands in a helix (parallel)
ii. They must be on opposite ends for two DNA strands in a helix (antiparallel)
The genome of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains 65.6% GC base pairs. What percentage of the genome is made up of purines?
The percent of cytosine in a single-stranded DNA is 21. What is the percent of thymine in that DNA?
For double stranded DNA, consider the following ratios:
I. A/G
II. C/T
A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 32% A, 18% G, 17% C, and 33% T. The nucleic acid must be:
i. Single-stranded
ii. Double-stranded
You collect a double stranded DNA sample that happens to be 30% adenine. What percent will be cytosine?
Practice: 32P Culture
You are growing a cell culture in radioactive Phosphorus (32P) what molecules will be radioactive?
Select all that apply, answer may or may not involve multiple chapters.
This type of bond holds together complementary strand of DNA. Answer is one word
Nucleotides are joined together to form long chains though a ___ reaction to form a ____ bond
Practice: Meiosis (Telomeres)
A hedgehog has a diploid number of 48 chromosomes. How many telomeres would you find in a a hegdehog gamete at the beginning of telophase II?
Practice: DNA
The two strands of the DNA helix are held together by _____ bonds while the sugar-phosphate backbone is linked by _______ bonds.
The 5' end of the DNA helix ends with ______ while the 3' end of the helix ends with ______.
DNA structure
Label the following statements as True or False
A. The 3' end of a DNA strand ends in an OH group
B. If the percentage of pyrimidines in a DNA strand is 40% then purines will occur at 60%
You are growing a population of bacteria in normal bacterial culture. You then decide to introduce adenines into the cells that are covalently bonded to a fluorescent tag. After 2 rounds of replication in these cells, where would you find the fluorescent signal?
Which of the following is not a component of RNA?
Which of the following stabilizes the DNA helix?
To generate a DNA polymer, where is the bond created?
What DNA base is replaced by uracil in RNA?
Which of the following is false regarding DNA?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding DNA?
What DNA nucleotide does uracil replace in RNA?
What nucleotide pairs with cytosine in a DNA helix?
What makes up the backbone of a DNA strand?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding DNA?
Practice: Denaturation
You are analyzing two separate DNA sequences that are approximately equal in length. You find that Sequence 1 has a G-C content of 45%. Sequence 2 has a G-C content of 52%. Which DNA sequence do you expect to have a higher denaturation temperature? Why?
You are analyzing the genome of a certain organism and find that it is made up of 34% thymine bases. Therefore, you reason there must be
16
% guanine bases.
Nucleic Acid -BIOl200
You are analyzing a double stranded DNA sequence that is 80 base pairs long. The DNA has 45 thymine (T) bases. How many cytosine (C) bases are present in this DNA structure?
Use the codon dictionary below to complete the following table. Assume that reading is from left to right and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments.
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following strand of DNA – 3’ TAGCTACGTTAT 5’?
The percent of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA is 21. What is the percent of thymine in that DNA?
Which pairings of nitrogenous bases are correct?
i. Adenine and uracil
ii. Adenine and guanine
Practice: Nucleic Acid
A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 32% A, 18% G, 17% C, and 33% T. The nucleic acid must be:
i. Single-stranded
ii. Double-stranded
Practice: Nitrogenous Bases
Which pairings of nitrogenous bases are wrong?
i. Adenine and uracil
ii. Adenine and guanine
Practice: Complimentary Strand
What is the base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complimentary to the following single-stranded DNA molecule? Write it in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
5'-TCATTGCGGA-3'
Strands that make up DNA are antiparallel, this means:
DNA replication in S phase can be observed using nucleotides that have been tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent label. Why would you need to be careful when choosing which nucleotide to label?
Write a point form essay outline for the following prompt:
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated into protein. As such, when we think of DNA, we often picture transcriptionally active euchromatin. However, approx. 10% of interphase DNA in eukaryotes is organized as transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. Explain the importance of heterochromatin.
Thesis statement: